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169. Don't let yesterday use up too much of today. 別留念昨天了，把握好今天吧。(Will Rogers) 170. If you are not brave enough, no one will back you up. 你不勇敢，沒人替你堅(jiān)強(qiáng)。171. If you don't build your dream, someone will hire you to build theirs. 如果你沒有夢想，那么你只能為別人的夢想打工。172. Beauty is all around, if you 在意的那些結(jié)根本算不了什么。183. The key to acquiring proficiency in any task is repetition. 任何事情成功關(guān)鍵都是熟能生巧。《生活大爆炸》 184. You can be happy no matter what. 開心一點(diǎn)吧，管它會(huì)怎樣。185. A good plan today is better than a perfect plan tomorrow. 今天的好計(jì)劃勝過明天的完美計(jì)劃。186. Nothing is impossible, the word itself says 'I'm possible'! 一切皆有可能！“不可能”的意思是：“不，可能�！�(奧黛麗·赫本) 187. Life isn't fair, but no matter your circumstances, you have to give it your all. 生活是不公平的，不管你的境遇如何，你只能全力以赴。188. No matter how hard it is, just keep going because you only fail when you give up. 無論多么艱難，都要繼續(xù)前進(jìn)，因?yàn)橹挥心惴艞壍哪且豢蹋�你才輸了。When Paul Jobs was mustered out of the Coast Guard after World War II, he made a wager with his crewmates. They had arrived in San Francisco, where their ship was decommissioned, and Paul bet that he would find himself a wife within two weeks. He was a taut, tattooed engine mechanic, six feet tall, with a passing resemblance to James Dean. But it wasn’t his looks that got him a date with Clara Hagopian, a sweet-humored daughter of Armenian immigrants. It was the fact that he and his friends had a car, unlike the group she had originally planned to go out with that evening. Ten days later, in March 1946, Paul got engaged to Clara and won his wager. It would turn out to be a happy marriage, one that lasted until death parted them more than forty years later. Paul Reinhold Jobs had been raised on a dairy farm in Germantown, Wisconsin. Even though his father was an alcoholic and sometimes abusive, Paul ended up with a gentle and calm disposition under his leathery exterior. After dropping out of high mechanic until, at age nineteen, he joined the Coast Guard, even though he didn’t know how to swim. He was deployed on the USS General M. C. Meigs and spent much of the war ferrying troops to Italy for General Patton. His talent as a machinist and fireman earned him commendations, but he occasionally found himself in minor trouble and never rose above the rank of seaman. Clara was born in New Jersey, where her parents had landed after fleeing the Turks in Armenia, and they moved to the Mission District of San Francisco when she was a child. She had a secret that she rarely mentioned to anyone: She had been married before, but her husband had been killed in the war. So when she met Paul Jobs on that first date, she was primed to start a new life. Clara, however, loved San Francisco, and in 1952 she convinced her husband to move back there. They got an apartment in the Sunset District facing the Pacific, just south of Golden Gate Park, and he took a job working for a finance company as a “repo man,” picking the locks of cars whose owners hadn’t paid their loans and repossessing them. He also bought, repaired, and sold some of the cars, making a decent enough living in the process. There was, however, something missing in their lives. They wanted children, but Clara had suffered an ectopic pregnancy, in which the fertilized egg was implanted in a fallopian tube rather than the uterus, and she had been unable to have any. So by 1955, after nine years of marriage, they were looking to adopt a child. Like Paul Jobs, Joanne Schieble was from a rural Wisconsin family of German heritage. Her father, Arthur Schieble, had immigrated to the outskirts of Green Bay, where he and his wife owned a mink farm and dabbled successfully in various other businesses, including real estate and photoengraving. He was very strict, especially regarding his daughter’s relationships, and he had strongly disapproved of her first love, an artist who was not a Catholic. Thus it was no surprise that he threatened to cut Joanne off completely when, as a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin, she fell in love with Abdulfattah “John” Jandali, a Muslim teaching assistant from Syria. Jandali was the youngest of nine children in a prominent Syrian family. His father owned oil refineries and multiple other businesses, with large holdings in Damascus and Homs, and at one point pretty much controlled the price of wheat in the region. His mother, he later said, was a “traditional Muslim woman” who was a “conservative, obedient housewife.” Like the Schieble family, the Jandalis put a premium on education. Abdulfattah was sent to a Jesuit boarding school, even though he was Muslim, and he got an undergraduate degree at the American University in Beirut before entering the University of Wisconsin to pursue a doctoral degree in political science. In the summer of 1954, Joanne went with Abdulfattah to Syria. They spent two months in Homs, where she learned from his family to cook Syrian dishes. When they returned to Wisconsin she discovered that she was pregnant. They were both twenty-three, but they decided not to get married. Her father was dying at the time, and he had threatened to disown her if she wed Abdulfattah. Nor was abortion an easy option in a small Catholic community. So in early 1955, Joanne traveled to San Francisco, where she was taken into the care of a kindly doctor who sheltered unwed mothers, delivered their babies, and quietly arranged closed adoptions. Joanne had one requirement: Her child must be adopted by college graduates. So the doctor arranged for the baby to be placed with a lawyer and his wife. But when a boy was born—on February 24, 1955—the designated couple decided that they wanted a girl and backed out. Thus it was that the boy became the son not of a lawyer but of a high school dropout with a passion for mechanics and his salt-of-the-earth wife who was working as a bookkeeper. Paul and Clara named their new baby Steven Paul Jobs. When Joanne found out that her baby had been placed with a couple who had not even graduated from high school, she refused to sign the adoption papers. The standoff lasted weeks, even after the baby had settled into the Jobs household. Eventually Joanne relented, with the stipulation that the couple promise—indeed sign a pledge—to fund a savings account to pay for the boy’s college education. There was another reason that Joanne was balky about signing the adoption papers. Her father was about to die, and she planned to marry Jandali soon after. She held out hope, she would later tell family members, sometimes tearing up at the memory, that once they were married, she could get their 別讓夢想只停留在夢里。181. A day without laughter is a day wasted. 沒有笑聲的一天是浪費(fèi)了的一天。(卓別林) 182. Travel and see the world; afterwards, you will be able to put your concerns in perspective. 去旅行吧，見的世面多了，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)原來在意的那些結(jié)根本算不了什么。183. The key to acquiring proficiency in any task is repetition. 任何事情成功關(guān)鍵都是熟能生巧�！渡�活大爆炸》 184. You can be happy no matter what. 開心一點(diǎn)吧，管它會(huì)怎樣。baby boy back. Arthur Schieble died in August 1955, after the adoption was finalized. Just after Christmas that year, Joanne and Abdulfattah were married in St. Philip the Apostle Catholic Church in Green Bay. He got his PhD in international politics the next year, and then they had another child, a girl named Mona. After she and Jandali divorced in 1962, Joanne embarked on a dreamy and peripatetic life that her daughter, who grew up to become the acclaimed novelist Mona Simpson, would capture in her book Anywhere but Here. Because Steve’s adoption had been closed, it would be twenty years before they would all find each other. Steve Jobs knew from an early age that he was adopted. “My parents were very open with me about that,” he recalled. He had a vivid memory of sitting on the lawn of his house, when he was six or seven years old, telling the girl who lived across the street. “So does that mean your real parents didn’t want you?” the girl asked. “Lightning bolts went off in my head,” according to Jobs. “I remember running into the house, crying. And my parents said, ‘No, you have to understand.’ They were very serious and looked me straight in the eye. They said, ‘We specifically picked you out.’ Both of my parents said that and repeated it slowly for me. And they put an emphasis on every word in that sentence.” Abandoned. Chosen. Special. Those concepts became part of who Jobs was and how he regarded himself. His closest friends think that the knowledge that he was given up at birth left some scars. “I think his desire for complete control of whatever he makes derives directly from his personality and the fact that he was abandoned at birth,” said one longtime colleague, Del Yocam. “He wants to control his environment, and he sees the product as an extension of himself.” Greg Calhoun, who became close to Jobs right after college, saw another effect. “Steve talked to me a lot about being abandoned and the pain that caused,” he said. “It made him independent. He followed the beat of a different drummer, and that came from being in a different world than he was born into.” Later in life, when he was the same age his biological father had been when he abandoned him, Jobs would father and abandon a child of his own. (He eventually took responsibility for her.) Chrisann Brennan, the mother of that child, said that being put up for adoption left Jobs “full of broken glass,” and it helps to explain some of his behavior. “He who is abandoned is an abandoner,” she said. Andy Hertzfeld, who worked with Jobs at Apple in the early 1980s, is among the few who remained close to both Brennan and Jobs. “The key question about Steve is why he can’t control himself at times from being so reflexively cruel and harmful to some people,” he said. “That goes back to being abandoned at birth. The real underlying problem was the theme of abandonment in Steve’s life.” Jobs dismissed this. “There’s some notion that because I was abandoned, I worked very hard so I could do well and make my parents wish they had me back, or some such nonsense, but that’s ridiculous,” he insisted. “Knowing I was adopted may have made me feel more independent, but I have never felt abandoned. I’ve always felt special. My parents made me feel special.” He would later bristle whenever anyone referred to Paul and Clara Jobs as his “adoptive” parents or implied that they were not his “real” parents. “They were my parents 1,000%,” he said. When speaking about his biological parents, on the other hand, he was curt: “They were my sperm and egg bank. That’s not harsh, it’s just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more.” Silicon Valley The childhood that Paul and Clara Jobs created for their new son was, in many ways, a stereotype of the late 1950s. When Steve was two they adopted a girl they named Patty, and three years later they moved to a tract house in the suburbs. The finance company where Paul worked as a repo man, CIT, had transferred him down to its Palo Alto office, but he could not afford to live there, so they landed in a subdivision in Mountain View, a less expensive town just to the south. There Paul tried to pass along his love of mechanics and cars. “Steve, this is your workbench now,” he said as he marked off a section of the table in their garage. Jobs remembered being impressed by his father’s focus on craftsmanship. “I thought my dad’s sense of design was pretty good,” he said, “because he knew how to build anything. If we needed a cabinet, he would build it. When he built our fence, he gave me a hammer so I could work with him.” Fifty years later the fence still surrounds the back and side yards of the house in Mountain View. As Jobs showed it off to me, he caressed the stockade panels and recalled a lesson that his father implanted deeply in him. It was important, his father said, to craft the backs of cabinets and fences properly, even though they were hidden. “He loved doing things right. He even cared about the look of the parts you couldn’t see.” His father continued to refurbish and resell used cars, and he festooned the garage with pictures of his favorites. He would point out the detailing of the design to his son: the lines, the vents, the chrome, the trim of the seats. After work each day, he would change into his dungarees and retreat to the garage, often with Steve tagging along. “I figured I could get him nailed down with a little mechanical ability, but he really wasn’t interested in getting his hands dirty,” Paul later recalled. “He never really cared too much about m189. It requires hard work to give off an appearance of effortlessness. 你必須十分努力，才能看起來毫不費(fèi)力。190. Life is like riding a bicycle.To keep your balance,you must keep moving. 人生就像騎單車，只有不斷前進(jìn)，才能保持平衡。(愛因斯坦) 191. Be thankful for what you have.You'll end up having more. 擁有一顆感恩的心，最終你會(huì)得到更多。192. Beauty is how you feel inside, and it reflects in your eyes. 美是一種內(nèi)心的感覺，并反映在你的眼睛里。(索菲亞·羅蘭) 193. Friendship doubles your joys, and divides your sorrows. 朋友的作用，就是讓你快樂加倍，痛苦減半。194. When you long for something sincerely, the whole world will help you. 當(dāng)你真心渴望某樣?xùn)|西時(shí)，整個(gè)宇宙都會(huì)來幫忙。echanical things.” “I wasn’t that into fixing cars,” Jobs admitted. “But I was eager to hang out with my dad.” Even as he was growing more aware that he had been adopted, he was becoming more attached to his father. One day when he was about eight, he discovered a photograph of his father from his time in the Coast Guard. “He’s in the engine room, and he’s got his shirt off and looks like James Dean. It was one of those Oh wow moments for a kid. Wow, oooh, my parents were actually once very young and really good-looking.” Through cars, his father gave Steve his first exposure to electronics. “My dad did not have a deep understanding of electronics, but he’d encountered it a lot in automobiles and other things he would fix. He showed me the rudiments of electronics, and I got very interested in that.” Even more interesting were the trips to scavenge for parts. “Every weekend, there’d be a junkyard trip. We’d be looking for a generator, a carburetor, all sorts of components.” He remembered watching his father negotiate at the counter. “He was a good bargainer, because he knew better than the guys at the counter what the parts should cost.” This helped fulfill the pledge his parents made when he was adopted. “My college fund came from my dad paying $50 for a Ford Falcon or some other beat-up car that didn’t run, working on it for a few weeks, and selling it for $250—and not telling the IRS.” The Jobses’ house and the others in their neighborhood were built by the real estate developer Joseph Eichler, whose company spawned more than eleven thousand homes in various California subdivisions between 1950 and 1974. Inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright’s vision of simple modern homes for the American “everyman,” Eichler built inexpensive houses that featured floor-to-ceiling glass walls, open floor plans, exposed post-and-beam construction, concrete slab floors, and lots of sliding glass doors. “Eichler did a great thing,” Jobs said on one of our walks around the neighborhood. “His houses were smart and cheap and good. They brought clean design and simple taste to lower-income people. They had awesome little features, like radiant heating in the floors. You put carpet on them, and we had nice toasty floors when we were kids.” Jobs said that his appreciation for Eichler homes instilled in him a passion for making nicely designed products for the mass market. “I love it when you can bring really great design and simple capability to something that doesn’t cost much,” he said as he pointed out the clean elegance of the houses. “It was the original vision for Apple. That’s what we tried to do with the first Mac. That’s what we did with the iPod.” Across the street from the Jobs family lived a man who had become successful as a real estate agent. “He wasn’t that bright,” Jobs recalled, “but he seemed to be making a fortune. So my dad thought, ‘I can do that.’ He worked so hard, I remember. He took these night classes, passed the license test, and got into real estate. Then the bottom fell out of the market.” As a result, the family found itself financially strapped for a year or so while Steve was in elementary school. His mother took a job as a bookkeeper for Varian Associates, a company that made scientific instruments, and they took out a second mortgage. One day his fourth-grade teacher asked him, “What is it you don’t understand about the universe?” Jobs replied, “I don’t understand why all of a sudden my dad is so broke.” He was proud that his father never adopted a servile attitude or slick style that may have made him a better salesman. “You had to suck up to people to sell real estate, and he wasn’t good at that and it wasn’t in his nature. I admired him for that.” Paul Jobs went back to being a mechanic. His father was calm and gentle, traits that his son later praised more than emulated. He was also resolute. Jobs described one exampl What made the neighborhood different from the thousands of other spindly-tree subdivisions across America was that even the ne’er-do-wells tended to be engineers. “When we moved here, there were apricot and plum orchards on all of these corners,” Jobs recalled. “But it was beginning to boom because of military investment.” He soaked up the history of the valley and developed a yearning to play his own role. Edwin Land of Polaroid later told him about being asked by Eisenhower to help build the U-2 spy plane cameras to see how real the Soviet threat was. The film was dropped in canisters and returned to the NASA Ames Research Center in Sunnyvale, not far from where Jobs lived. “The first computer terminal I ever saw was when my dad brought me to the Ames Center,” he said. “I fell totally in love with it.” Other defense contractors sprouted nearby during the 1950s. The Lockheed Missiles and Space Division, which built submarine-launched ballistic missiles, was founded in 1956 next to the NASA Center; by the time Jobs moved to the area four years later, it employed twenty thousand people. A few hundred yards away, Westinghouse built facilities that produced tubes and electrical transformers for the missile systems. “You had all these military companies on the cutting edge,” he recalled. “It was mysterious and high-tech and made living here very exciting.” In the wake of the defense industries there arose a booming economy based on technology. Its roots stretched back to 1938, when David Packard and his new wife moved into a house in Palo Alto that had a shed where his friend Bill Hewlett was soon ensconced. The house had a garage—an appendage that would prove both useful and iconic in the valley—in which they tinkered around until they had their first product, an audio oscillator. By the 1950s, Hewlett-Packard was a fast-growing company making technical instruments. Fortunately there was a place nearby for entrepreneurs who had outgrown their garages. In a move that would help transform the area into the cradle of the tech revolution, Stanford University’s dean of engineering, Frederick Terman, created a seven-hundred-acre industrial park on university land for private companies that could commercialize the ideas of his students. Its first tenant was Varian Associates, where Clara Jobs worked. “Terman came up with this great idea that did more than anything to cause the tech industry to grow up here,” Jobs said. By the time Jobs was ten, HP had nine thousand employees and was the blue-chip company where every engineer seeking financial stability wanted to work. The most important technology for the region’s growth was, of course, the semiconductor. William Shockley, who had been one of the inventors of the transistor at Bell Labs in New Jersey, moved out to Mountain View and, in 1956, started a company to build transistors using silicon rather than the more expensive germanium that was then commonly used. But Shockley became increasingly erratic and abandoned his silicon transistor project, which led eight of his engineers—most notably Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore—to break away to form Fairchild Semiconductor. That company grew to twelve thousand employees, but it fragmented in 1968, when Noyce lost a power struggle to become CEO. He took Gordon Moore and founded a company that they called Integrated Electronics Corporation, which they soon smartly abbreviated to Intel. Their third employee was Andrew Grove, who later would grow the company by shifting its focus from memory chips to microprocessors. Within a few years there would be more than fifty companies in the area making semiconductors. The exponential growth of this industry was correlated with the phenomenon famously discovered by Moore, who in 1965 drew a graph of the speed of integrated circuits, based on the number of transistors that could be placed on a chip, and showed that it doubled about every two years, a trajectory that could be expected to continue. This was reaffirmed in 1971, when Intel was able to etch a complete central processing unit onto one chip, the Intel 4004, tronic amplifier. “So I raced home, and I told my dad that he was wrong.” “No, it needs an amplifier,” his father assured him. When Steve protested otherwise, his father said he was crazy. “It can’t work without an amplifier. There’s some trick.” “I kept saying no to my dad, telling him he had to see it, and finally he actually walked down with me and saw it. And he said, ‘Well I’ll be a bat out of hell.’” Jobs recalled the incident vividly because it was his first realization that his father did not know everything. Then a more disconcerting discovery began to dawn on him: He was smarter than his parents. He had always admired his father’s competence and savvy. “He was not an educated man, but I had always thought he was pretty damn smart. He didn’t read much, but he could do a lot. Almost everything mechanical, he could figure it out.” Yet the carbon microphone incident, Jobs said, began a jarring process of realizing that he was in fact more clever and quick than his parents. “It was a very big moment that’s burned into my mind. When I realized that I was smarter than my parents, I felt tremendous shame for having thought that. I will never forget that moment.” This discovery, he later told friends, along with the fact that he was adopted, made him feel apart—detached and separate—from both his family and the world. Another layer of awareness occurred soon after. Not only did he discover that he was brighter than his parents, but he discovered that they knew this. Paul and Clara Jobs were loving parents, and they were willing to adapt their lives to suit a son who was very smart—and also willful. They would go to great lengths to accommodate him. And soon Steve discovered this fact as well. “Both my parents got me. They felt a lot of responsibility once they sensed that I was special. They found ways to keep feeding me stuff and putting me in better schools. They were willing to defer to my needs.” So he grew up not only with a sense of having once been abandoned, but also with a sense that he was special. In his own mind, that was more important in the formation of his personality. School Even before Jobs started elementary school, his mother had taught him how to read. This, however, led to some problems once he got to school. “I was kind of bored for the first few years 在這種情況下，俄羅斯和歐洲正興建一條新的天然氣運(yùn)輸管道，這就是北溪-2項(xiàng)目，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目全長1224公里，從俄羅斯穿過波羅的海，將天然氣運(yùn)輸?shù)降聡�和其它國家，歐洲很多國家都參與了這條管道項(xiàng)目的建設(shè)，畢竟這是歐洲國家的民生工程。一旦這條管道建設(shè)完成，可以為歐洲提供每年330億立方米的天然氣，可以滿足歐洲對天然氣十分之一的需求，這可是非常大的。它是氣態(tài)行星沒有實(shí)體表面，由90%的氫和10%的氦（原子數(shù)之比, 75/25%的質(zhì)量比）及微量的甲烷、水、氨水和“石頭”組成。這與形成整個(gè)太陽系的原始的太陽系星云的組成十分相似。木星可能有一個(gè)石質(zhì)的內(nèi)核，相當(dāng)于10－15個(gè)地球的質(zhì)量。內(nèi)核上則是大部分的行星物質(zhì)集結(jié)地，以液態(tài)氫的形式存在。液態(tài)金屬氫由離子化的質(zhì)子與電子組成（類似于太陽的內(nèi)部，不過溫度低多了）。木星啦有67顆木衛(wèi)。按距離木星中心由近及遠(yuǎn)的次序?yàn)椋耗拘l(wèi)十六、木衛(wèi)十四、木衛(wèi)五、木衛(wèi)十五、木衛(wèi)一、木衛(wèi)二、木衛(wèi)三、木衛(wèi)四、木衛(wèi)十三、木衛(wèi)六、木衛(wèi)十、木衛(wèi)七、木衛(wèi)十二、木衛(wèi)十一、木衛(wèi)八和木衛(wèi)九。[46] 水星是最接近太陽的行星。水星的半徑約為2440公里，在八大行星中是最小的。水星晝夜溫差極大，白天攝氏 430 度，晚上約可達(dá)零下170 度，是太陽系八大行星中溫差最大的一個(gè)行星。[47] 水星的外大氣層非常稀薄，是由水星表面和太陽風(fēng)中的原子和離子構(gòu)成。[48] 科學(xué)家確認(rèn)水星表面含有豐富的碳，認(rèn)為碳是水星表面呈黑色的原因，水星表面的巖石是由低重量百分比的石墨碳構(gòu)成。[49] “好奇號(hào)”火星探測器在火星表面采集樣本 “好奇號(hào)”火星探測器在火星表面采集樣本 [50] 火星是地球的近鄰，是太陽系由內(nèi)往外數(shù)第四顆行星。直徑6794km，體積為地球的15%，質(zhì)量為地球的11%。火星表面是一個(gè)荒涼的世界，空氣中二氧化碳占了95%。火星大氣十分稀薄，密度還不到地球大氣的1%，因而根本無法保存熱量。這導(dǎo)致火星表面溫度極低，很少超過0℃，在夜晚，最低溫度則可達(dá)到-123℃�；鹦潜环Q為紅色的行星，這是因?yàn)樗�表面布滿了氧化物，因而呈現(xiàn)出鐵銹紅色。其表面的大部分地區(qū)都是含有大量的紅色氧化物的大沙漠，還有赭色的礫石地和凝固的熔巖流�；鹦巧铣３Ｓ忻土业拇箫L(fēng)，大風(fēng)揚(yáng)起沙塵能形成可以覆蓋火星全球的特大型沙塵暴。每次沙塵暴可持續(xù)數(shù)個(gè)星期。火星兩極的冰冠和火星大氣中含有水份。從火星表面獲得的探測數(shù)據(jù)證明，在遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)期八顆行星，直徑49532千米。海王星繞太陽運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的軌道半徑為45億千米，公轉(zhuǎn)一周需要165年。海王星的直徑和天王星類似，質(zhì)量比天王星略大一些。海王星和天王星的主要大氣成分都是氫和氦，內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)也極為相近，所以說海王星與天王星是一對孿生兄弟。[55] 海王星有太陽系最強(qiáng)烈的風(fēng)，測量到的時(shí)速高達(dá)2100公里。海王星云頂?shù)臏囟仁牵?18 °C，是太陽系最冷的地區(qū)之一。海王星核心的溫度約為7000 °C，可以和太陽的表面比較。海王星在1846年9月23日被發(fā)現(xiàn)，是唯一利用數(shù)學(xué)預(yù)測而非有計(jì)劃的觀測發(fā)現(xiàn)的行星。[56] 冥王星，位于海王星以外的柯伊伯帶內(nèi)側(cè)，是柯伊伯帶中已知的最大天體。[57] 直徑約為2370±20km，是地球直徑的18.5%。[58] 2006年8月24日，國際天文學(xué)聯(lián)合會(huì)大會(huì)24日投票決定，不再將傳統(tǒng)九大行星之一的冥王星視為行星，而將其列入“矮行星”。大會(huì)通過的決議規(guī)定，“行星”指的是圍繞太陽運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、自身引力足以克服其剛體力而使天體呈圓球狀、能夠清除其軌道附近其他物體的天體。在太陽系傳統(tǒng)的“九大行星”中，只有水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星和海王星符合這些要求。冥王星由于其軌道與海王星的軌道相交，不符合新的行星定義，因此被自動(dòng)降級(jí)為“矮行星”。[59] 冥王星的表面溫度大概在-238到-228℃之間。冥王星的成份由70%巖石和30%冰水混合而成的。地表上光亮的部分可能覆蓋著一些固體氮以及少量 衛(wèi)星拍月球經(jīng)過地球，可見清晰月球背面 衛(wèi)星拍月球經(jīng)過地球，可見清晰月球背面 [60] 的固體甲烷和一氧化碳，冥王星表面的黑暗部分可能是一些基本的有機(jī)物質(zhì)或是由宇宙射線引發(fā)的光化學(xué)反應(yīng)。冥王星的大氣層主要由氮和少量的一氧化碳及甲烷組成。大氣極其稀薄，地面壓強(qiáng)只有少量微帕。[61] 地球是離太陽第三顆行星，是我們?nèi)祟惖募亦l(xiāng)，盡管地球是太陽系中一顆普通的行星，但它在許多方面都是獨(dú)一無二的。比如，它是太陽系中唯一一顆面積大部分被水覆蓋的行星，也是目前所知唯一一顆有生命存在的星球。質(zhì)量M=5.9742 ×10^24 公斤，表面溫度：t = - 30 ～ +45。[62] 英國科研人員在《天體生物學(xué)》雜志上報(bào)告說，如果沒有小行星撞擊等可能劇烈改變環(huán)境的事件發(fā)生，地球適宜人類居住的時(shí)間還剩約17.5億年，不過人為造成的氣候變化可能縮短這一時(shí)間。[63] 彗星是由灰塵和冰塊組成的太陽系中的一類小天體，繞日運(yùn)動(dòng)。[64] 科學(xué)家使用探測器對彗星的化學(xué)遺留物進(jìn)行分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)其主要成份為氨、甲烷、硫化氫、氰化氫和甲醛�？茖W(xué)家得出結(jié)論稱，彗星的氣味聞起來像是臭雞蛋、馬尿、酒精和苦杏仁的氣味綜合。[65-66] “67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希門克”彗星 “67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希門克”彗星 [67] 在太陽系的周圍還包裹著一個(gè)龐大的“奧爾特云”。星云內(nèi)分布著不計(jì)其數(shù)的冰塊、雪團(tuán)和碎石。其中的某些會(huì)受太陽引力影響飛入內(nèi)太陽系，這學(xué)說，在原有的軌道（或稱小天體軌道）上又增加了更多的天體運(yùn)行軌道。這一模式稱每顆行星都沿著一個(gè)小軌道作圓周運(yùn)行，而小軌道又沿著該行星的大軌道繞地球作圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)。幾百年之后，這一模式的漏洞越來越明顯。科學(xué)家們又在這個(gè)模式上增加了許多軌道，行星就這樣沿著一道又一道的軌道作圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)。哥白尼想用“現(xiàn)代”（16世紀(jì)的）技術(shù)來改進(jìn)托勒密的測量結(jié)果，以期取消一些小軌道。在長達(dá)近20年的時(shí)間里，哥白尼不辭辛勞日夜測量行星的位置，但其測量獲得的結(jié)果仍然與托勒密的天體運(yùn)行模式?jīng)]有多少差別。哥白尼想知道在另一個(gè)運(yùn)行著的行星上觀察這些行星的運(yùn)行情況會(huì)是什么樣的。基于這種設(shè)想，哥白尼萌發(fā)了一個(gè)念頭：假如地球在運(yùn)行中，那么這些行星的運(yùn)行看上去會(huì)是什么情況呢？這一設(shè)想在他腦海里變得清晰起來了。一年里，哥白尼在不同的時(shí)間、不同的距離從地球上觀察行星，每一個(gè)行星的情況都不相同，這是他意識(shí)到地球不可能位于星星漓道的中心。經(jīng)過20年的觀測，哥白尼發(fā)現(xiàn)唯獨(dú)太陽的周年變化不明顯。這意味著地球和太陽的距離始終沒有改變。如果地球不是宇宙的中心，那么宇宙的中心就是太陽。的發(fā)現(xiàn)才使牛頓有能力確定運(yùn)動(dòng)定律和萬有引力定律。哥白尼的日心宇宙體系既然是時(shí)代的產(chǎn)物，它就不能不受到時(shí)代的限制。反對神學(xué)的不徹底性，同時(shí)表現(xiàn)在哥白尼的某些觀點(diǎn)上，他的體系是存在缺陷的。哥白尼所指的宇宙是局限在一個(gè)小的范圍內(nèi)的，具體來說，他的宇宙結(jié)構(gòu)就是今天我們所熟知的太陽系，即以太陽為中心的天體系統(tǒng)。宇宙既然有它的中心，就必須有它的邊界，哥白尼雖然否定了托勒玫的“九重天”，但他卻保留了一層恒星天，盡管他回避了宇宙是否有限這個(gè)問題，但實(shí)際上他是相信恒星天球是宇宙的“外殼”，他仍然相信天體只能按照所謂完美的圓形軌道運(yùn)動(dòng)，所以哥白尼的宇宙體系，仍然包含著不動(dòng)的中心天體。但是作為近代自然科學(xué)的奠基人，哥白尼的歷史功績是偉大的。確認(rèn)地球不是宇宙的中心，而是行星之一，從而掀起了一場天文學(xué)上根本性的革.命，是人類探求客觀真理道路上的里程碑。哥白尼的偉大成就，不僅鋪平了通向近代天文學(xué)的道路，而且開創(chuàng)了整個(gè)自然界科學(xué)向前邁進(jìn)的新時(shí)代。從哥白尼時(shí)代起，脫離教會(huì)束縛的自然科學(xué)和哲學(xué)開始獲得飛躍的發(fā)展。哥白尼的科學(xué)成就，是他所處時(shí)代的產(chǎn)物，又轉(zhuǎn)過來推動(dòng)了時(shí)代的發(fā)展。順應(yīng)時(shí)代變化 十五、六世紀(jì)的歐洲，正是從封建社會(huì)向資本主義社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，在這一二百年間，社會(huì)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。14世紀(jì)以前的歐洲，到處是四分五裂的小城邦。后來，隨著城市工商業(yè)的興起，特別是采礦和冶金業(yè)的發(fā)展，涌現(xiàn)了許多新興的大城市，小城邦有了聯(lián)合起來組成國家的趨勢。到 15世紀(jì)末葉，在許多國家里都出現(xiàn)了基本上是中央集權(quán)的君主政體。當(dāng)時(shí)的波蘭不僅有像克拉科夫、波茲南這樣的大城市，也有許多手工業(yè)興盛的城

一

千呼萬喚始出來！

我國第一個(gè)口服抗新冠藥物，終于來了！

剛剛，國家藥品監(jiān)督管理局宣布：正式批準(zhǔn)河南真實(shí)生物科技有限公司申報(bào)I類創(chuàng)新藥阿茲夫定片增加治療新冠病毒肺炎適應(yīng)癥的申請！

此舉意味著國內(nèi)首款治療新冠病毒肺炎的小分子口服創(chuàng)新藥正式獲批。

有人或許會(huì)感到奇怪：這阿茲夫定片對付的，不是艾滋病嗎，怎么突然就變成了新冠病毒的特效藥？

客官您有所不知，這艾滋病毒，不是屬于RNA病毒？

而新冠病毒，恰恰也是以RNA作為遺傳物質(zhì)的病毒。

然后呢，阿茲夫定作為一款抗病毒小分子口服藥，具有廣譜抑制RNA病毒復(fù)制的作用，也就是說，它連艾滋病毒都能對付，更不用說新冠病毒了！

它打敗病毒的關(guān)鍵機(jī)理，是通過抑制HIV、HCV、EV71等RNA病毒復(fù)制，來實(shí)現(xiàn)對抗病毒的目的。

換句話說，你新冠病毒不是要不斷復(fù)制、不斷傳播嗎？

對不起，魔高一尺道高一丈，我把病毒復(fù)制能力降得低低的，為人與體免疫力打敗病毒提供神助攻！

現(xiàn)在，阿茲夫定已經(jīng)在國內(nèi)外進(jìn)行Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)，結(jié)果顯示，該藥對國內(nèi)外800多例受試者均取得良好效果。

是的，你沒看錯(cuò)，新冠病毒的重大克星，終于來了！從今天起，中國打敗奧密克戎病毒的疫苗武器庫，終于有一大利器正式進(jìn)入實(shí)戰(zhàn)！

169. Don't let yesterday use up too much of today. 別留念昨天了，把握好今天吧。(Will Rogers) 170. If you are not brave enough, no one will back you up. 你不勇敢，沒人替你堅(jiān)強(qiáng)。171. If you don't build your dream, someone will hire you to build theirs. 如果你沒有夢想，那么你只能為別人的夢想打工。172. Beauty is all around, if you 在意的那些結(jié)根本算不了什么。183. The key to acquiring proficiency in any task is repetition. 任何事情成功關(guān)鍵都是熟能生巧�！渡�活大爆炸》 184. You can be happy no matter what. 開心一點(diǎn)吧，管它會(huì)怎樣。185. A good plan today is better than a perfect plan tomorrow. 今天的好計(jì)劃勝過明天的完美計(jì)劃。186. Nothing is impossible, the word itself says 'I'm possible'! 一切皆有可能！“不可能”的意思是：“不，可能�！�(奧黛麗·赫本) 187. Life isn't fair, but no matter your circumstances, you have to give it your all. 生活是不公平的，不管你的境遇如何，你只能全力以赴。188. No matter how hard it is, just keep going because you only fail when you give up. 無論多么艱難，都要繼續(xù)前進(jìn)，因?yàn)橹挥心惴艞壍哪且豢�，你才輸了。When Paul Jobs was mustered out of the Coast Guard after World War II, he made a wager with his crewmates. They had arrived in San Francisco, where their ship was decommissioned, and Paul bet that he would find himself a wife within two weeks. He was a taut, tattooed engine mechanic, six feet tall, with a passing resemblance to James Dean. But it wasn’t his looks that got him a date with Clara Hagopian, a sweet-humored daughter of Armenian immigrants. It was the fact that he and his friends had a car, unlike the group she had originally planned to go out with that evening. Ten days later, in March 1946, Paul got engaged to Clara and won his wager. It would turn out to be a happy marriage, one that lasted until death parted them more than forty years later. Paul Reinhold Jobs had been raised on a dairy farm in Germantown, Wisconsin. Even though his father was an alcoholic and sometimes abusive, Paul ended up with a gentle and calm disposition under his leathery exterior. After dropping out of high mechanic until, at age nineteen, he joined the Coast Guard, even though he didn’t know how to swim. He was deployed on the USS General M. C. Meigs and spent much of the war ferrying troops to Italy for General Patton. His talent as a machinist and fireman earned him commendations, but he occasionally found himself in minor trouble and never rose above the rank of seaman. Clara was born in New Jersey, where her parents had landed after fleeing the Turks in Armenia, and they moved to the Mission District of San Francisco when she was a child. She had a secret that she rarely mentioned to anyone: She had been married before, but her husband had been killed in the war. So when she met Paul Jobs on that first date, she was primed to start a new life. Clara, however, loved San Francisco, and in 1952 she convinced her husband to move back there. They got an apartment in the Sunset District facing the Pacific, just south of Golden Gate Park, and he took a job working for a finance company as a “repo man,” picking the locks of cars whose owners hadn’t paid their loans and repossessing them. He also bought, repaired, and sold some of the cars, making a decent enough living in the process. There was, however, something missing in their lives. They wanted children, but Clara had suffered an ectopic pregnancy, in which the fertilized egg was implanted in a fallopian tube rather than the uterus, and she had been unable to have any. So by 1955, after nine years of marriage, they were looking to adopt a child. Like Paul Jobs, Joanne Schieble was from a rural Wisconsin family of German heritage. Her father, Arthur Schieble, had immigrated to the outskirts of Green Bay, where he and his wife owned a mink farm and dabbled successfully in various other businesses, including real estate and photoengraving. He was very strict, especially regarding his daughter’s relationships, and he had strongly disapproved of her first love, an artist who was not a Catholic. Thus it was no surprise that he threatened to cut Joanne off completely when, as a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin, she fell in love with Abdulfattah “John” Jandali, a Muslim teaching assistant from Syria. Jandali was the youngest of nine children in a prominent Syrian family. His father owned oil refineries and multiple other businesses, with large holdings in Damascus and Homs, and at one point pretty much controlled the price of wheat in the region. His mother, he later said, was a “traditional Muslim woman” who was a “conservative, obedient housewife.” Like the Schieble family, the Jandalis put a premium on education. Abdulfattah was sent to a Jesuit boarding school, even though he was Muslim, and he got an undergraduate degree at the American University in Beirut before entering the University of Wisconsin to pursue a doctoral degree in political science. In the summer of 1954, Joanne went with Abdulfattah to Syria. They spent two months in Homs, where she learned from his family to cook Syrian dishes. When they returned to Wisconsin she discovered that she was pregnant. They were both twenty-three, but they decided not to get married. Her father was dying at the time, and he had threatened to disown her if she wed Abdulfattah. Nor was abortion an easy option in a small Catholic community. So in early 1955, Joanne traveled to San Francisco, where she was taken into the care of a kindly doctor who sheltered unwed mothers, delivered their babies, and quietly arranged closed adoptions. Joanne had one requirement: Her child must be adopted by college graduates. So the doctor arranged for the baby to be placed with a lawyer and his wife. But when a boy was born—on February 24, 1955—the designated couple decided that they wanted a girl and backed out. Thus it was that the boy became the son not of a lawyer but of a high school dropout with a passion for mechanics and his salt-of-the-earth wife who was working as a bookkeeper. Paul and Clara named their new baby Steven Paul Jobs. When Joanne found out that her baby had been placed with a couple who had not even graduated from high school, she refused to sign the adoption papers. The standoff lasted weeks, even after the baby had settled into the Jobs household. Eventually Joanne relented, with the stipulation that the couple promise—indeed sign a pledge—to fund a savings account to pay for the boy’s college education. There was another reason that Joanne was balky about signing the adoption papers. Her father was about to die, and she planned to marry Jandali soon after. She held out hope, she would later tell family members, sometimes tearing up at the memory, that once they were married, she could get their 別讓夢想只停留在夢里。181. A day without laughter is a day wasted. 沒有笑聲的一天是浪費(fèi)了的一天。(卓別林) 182. Travel and see the world; afterwards, you will be able to put your concerns in perspective. 去旅行吧，見的世面多了，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)原來在意的那些結(jié)根本算不了什么。183. The key to acquiring proficiency in any task is repetition. 任何事情成功關(guān)鍵都是熟能生巧�！渡�活大爆炸》 184. You can be happy no matter what. 開心一點(diǎn)吧，管它會(huì)怎樣。baby boy back. Arthur Schieble died in August 1955, after the adoption was finalized. Just after Christmas that year, Joanne and Abdulfattah were married in St. Philip the Apostle Catholic Church in Green Bay. He got his PhD in international politics the next year, and then they had another child, a girl named Mona. After she and Jandali divorced in 1962, Joanne embarked on a dreamy and peripatetic life that her daughter, who grew up to become the acclaimed novelist Mona Simpson, would capture in her book Anywhere but Here. Because Steve’s adoption had been closed, it would be twenty years before they would all find each other. Steve Jobs knew from an early age that he was adopted. “My parents were very open with me about that,” he recalled. He had a vivid memory of sitting on the lawn of his house, when he was six or seven years old, telling the girl who lived across the street. “So does that mean your real parents didn’t want you?” the girl asked. “Lightning bolts went off in my head,” according to Jobs. “I remember running into the house, crying. And my parents said, ‘No, you have to understand.’ They were very serious and looked me straight in the eye. They said, ‘We specifically picked you out.’ Both of my parents said that and repeated it slowly for me. And they put an emphasis on every word in that sentence.” Abandoned. Chosen. Special. Those concepts became part of who Jobs was and how he regarded himself. His closest friends think that the knowledge that he was given up at birth left some scars. “I think his desire for complete control of whatever he makes derives directly from his personality and the fact that he was abandoned at birth,” said one longtime colleague, Del Yocam. “He wants to control his environment, and he sees the product as an extension of himself.” Greg Calhoun, who became close to Jobs right after college, saw another effect. “Steve talked to me a lot about being abandoned and the pain that caused,” he said. “It made him independent. He followed the beat of a different drummer, and that came from being in a different world than he was born into.” Later in life, when he was the same age his biological father had been when he abandoned him, Jobs would father and abandon a child of his own. (He eventually took responsibility for her.) Chrisann Brennan, the mother of that child, said that being put up for adoption left Jobs “full of broken glass,” and it helps to explain some of his behavior. “He who is abandoned is an abandoner,” she said. Andy Hertzfeld, who worked with Jobs at Apple in the early 1980s, is among the few who remained close to both Brennan and Jobs. “The key question about Steve is why he can’t control himself at times from being so reflexively cruel and harmful to some people,” he said. “That goes back to being abandoned at birth. The real underlying problem was the theme of abandonment in Steve’s life.” Jobs dismissed this. “There’s some notion that because I was abandoned, I worked very hard so I could do well and make my parents wish they had me back, or some such nonsense, but that’s ridiculous,” he insisted. “Knowing I was adopted may have made me feel more independent, but I have never felt abandoned. I’ve always felt special. My parents made me feel special.” He would later bristle whenever anyone referred to Paul and Clara Jobs as his “adoptive” parents or implied that they were not his “real” parents. “They were my parents 1,000%,” he said. When speaking about his biological parents, on the other hand, he was curt: “They were my sperm and egg bank. That’s not harsh, it’s just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more.” Silicon Valley The childhood that Paul and Clara Jobs created for their new son was, in many ways, a stereotype of the late 1950s. When Steve was two they adopted a girl they named Patty, and three years later they moved to a tract house in the suburbs. The finance company where Paul worked as a repo man, CIT, had transferred him down to its Palo Alto office, but he could not afford to live there, so they landed in a subdivision in Mountain View, a less expensive town just to the south. There Paul tried to pass along his love of mechanics and cars. “Steve, this is your workbench now,” he said as he marked off a section of the table in their garage. Jobs remembered being impressed by his father’s focus on craftsmanship. “I thought my dad’s sense of design was pretty good,” he said, “because he knew how to build anything. If we needed a cabinet, he would build it. When he built our fence, he gave me a hammer so I could work with him.” Fifty years later the fence still surrounds the back and side yards of the house in Mountain View. As Jobs showed it off to me, he caressed the stockade panels and recalled a lesson that his father implanted deeply in him. It was important, his father said, to craft the backs of cabinets and fences properly, even though they were hidden. “He loved doing things right. He even cared about the look of the parts you couldn’t see.” His father continued to refurbish and resell used cars, and he festooned the garage with pictures of his favorites. He would point out the detailing of the design to his son: the lines, the vents, the chrome, the trim of the seats. After work each day, he would change into his dungarees and retreat to the garage, often with Steve tagging along. “I figured I could get him nailed down with a little mechanical ability, but he really wasn’t interested in getting his hands dirty,” Paul later recalled. “He never really cared too much about m189. It requires hard work to give off an appearance of effortlessness. 你必須十分努力，才能看起來毫不費(fèi)力。190. Life is like riding a bicycle.To keep your balance,you must keep moving. 人生就像騎單車，只有不斷前進(jìn)，才能保持平衡。(愛因斯坦) 191. Be thankful for what you have.You'll end up having more. 擁有一顆感恩的心，最終你會(huì)得到更多。192. Beauty is how you feel inside, and it reflects in your eyes. 美是一種內(nèi)心的感覺，并反映在你的眼睛里。(索菲亞·羅蘭) 193. Friendship doubles your joys, and divides your sorrows. 朋友的作用，就是讓你快樂加倍，痛苦減半。194. When you long for something sincerely, the whole world will help you. 當(dāng)你真心渴望某樣?xùn)|西時(shí)，整個(gè)宇宙都會(huì)來幫忙。echanical things.” “I wasn’t that into fixing cars,” Jobs admitted. “But I was eager to hang out with my dad.” Even as he was growing more aware that he had been adopted, he was becoming more attached to his father. One day when he was about eight, he discovered a photograph of his father from his time in the Coast Guard. “He’s in the engine room, and he’s got his shirt off and looks like James Dean. It was one of those Oh wow moments for a kid. Wow, oooh, my parents were actually once very young and really good-looking.” Through cars, his father gave Steve his first exposure to electronics. “My dad did not have a deep understanding of electronics, but he’d encountered it a lot in automobiles and other things he would fix. He showed me the rudiments of electronics, and I got very interested in that.” Even more interesting were the trips to scavenge for parts. “Every weekend, there’d be a junkyard trip. We’d be looking for a generator, a carburetor, all sorts of components.” He remembered watching his father negotiate at the counter. “He was a good bargainer, because he knew better than the guys at the counter what the parts should cost.” This helped fulfill the pledge his parents made when he was adopted. “My college fund came from my dad paying $50 for a Ford Falcon or some other beat-up car that didn’t run, working on it for a few weeks, and selling it for $250—and not telling the IRS.” The Jobses’ house and the others in their neighborhood were built by the real estate developer Joseph Eichler, whose company spawned more than eleven thousand homes in various California subdivisions between 1950 and 1974. Inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright’s vision of simple modern homes for the American “everyman,” Eichler built inexpensive houses that featured floor-to-ceiling glass walls, open floor plans, exposed post-and-beam construction, concrete slab floors, and lots of sliding glass doors. “Eichler did a great thing,” Jobs said on one of our walks around the neighborhood. “His houses were smart and cheap and good. They brought clean design and simple taste to lower-income people. They had awesome little features, like radiant heating in the floors. You put carpet on them, and we had nice toasty floors when we were kids.” Jobs said that his appreciation for Eichler homes instilled in him a passion for making nicely designed products for the mass market. “I love it when you can bring really great design and simple capability to something that doesn’t cost much,” he said as he pointed out the clean elegance of the houses. “It was the original vision for Apple. That’s what we tried to do with the first Mac. That’s what we did with the iPod.” Across the street from the Jobs family lived a man who had become successful as a real estate agent. “He wasn’t that bright,” Jobs recalled, “but he seemed to be making a fortune. So my dad thought, ‘I can do that.’ He worked so hard, I remember. He took these night classes, passed the license test, and got into real estate. Then the bottom fell out of the market.” As a result, the family found itself financially strapped for a year or so while Steve was in elementary school. His mother took a job as a bookkeeper for Varian Associates, a company that made scientific instruments, and they took out a second mortgage. One day his fourth-grade teacher asked him, “What is it you don’t understand about the universe?” Jobs replied, “I don’t understand why all of a sudden my dad is so broke.” He was proud that his father never adopted a servile attitude or slick style that may have made him a better salesman. “You had to suck up to people to sell real estate, and he wasn’t good at that and it wasn’t in his nature. I admired him for that.” Paul Jobs went back to being a mechanic. His father was calm and gentle, traits that his son later praised more than emulated. He was also resolute. Jobs described one exampl What made the neighborhood different from the thousands of other spindly-tree subdivisions across America was that even the ne’er-do-wells tended to be engineers. “When we moved here, there were apricot and plum orchards on all of these corners,” Jobs recalled. “But it was beginning to boom because of military investment.” He soaked up the history of the valley and developed a yearning to play his own role. Edwin Land of Polaroid later told him about being asked by Eisenhower to help build the U-2 spy plane cameras to see how real the Soviet threat was. The film was dropped in canisters and returned to the NASA Ames Research Center in Sunnyvale, not far from where Jobs lived. “The first computer terminal I ever saw was when my dad brought me to the Ames Center,” he said. “I fell totally in love with it.” Other defense contractors sprouted nearby during the 1950s. The Lockheed Missiles and Space Division, which built submarine-launched ballistic missiles, was founded in 1956 next to the NASA Center; by the time Jobs moved to the area four years later, it employed twenty thousand people. A few hundred yards away, Westinghouse built facilities that produced tubes and electrical transformers for the missile systems. “You had all these military companies on the cutting edge,” he recalled. “It was mysterious and high-tech and made living here very exciting.” In the wake of the defense industries there arose a booming economy based on technology. Its roots stretched back to 1938, when David Packard and his new wife moved into a house in Palo Alto that had a shed where his friend Bill Hewlett was soon ensconced. The house had a garage—an appendage that would prove both useful and iconic in the valley—in which they tinkered around until they had their first product, an audio oscillator. By the 1950s, Hewlett-Packard was a fast-growing company making technical instruments. Fortunately there was a place nearby for entrepreneurs who had outgrown their garages. In a move that would help transform the area into the cradle of the tech revolution, Stanford University’s dean of engineering, Frederick Terman, created a seven-hundred-acre industrial park on university land for private companies that could commercialize the ideas of his students. Its first tenant was Varian Associates, where Clara Jobs worked. “Terman came up with this great idea that did more than anything to cause the tech industry to grow up here,” Jobs said. By the time Jobs was ten, HP had nine thousand employees and was the blue-chip company where every engineer seeking financial stability wanted to work. The most important technology for the region’s growth was, of course, the semiconductor. William Shockley, who had been one of the inventors of the transistor at Bell Labs in New Jersey, moved out to Mountain View and, in 1956, started a company to build transistors using silicon rather than the more expensive germanium that was then commonly used. But Shockley became increasingly erratic and abandoned his silicon transistor project, which led eight of his engineers—most notably Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore—to break away to form Fairchild Semiconductor. That company grew to twelve thousand employees, but it fragmented in 1968, when Noyce lost a power struggle to become CEO. He took Gordon Moore and founded a company that they called Integrated Electronics Corporation, which they soon smartly abbreviated to Intel. Their third employee was Andrew Grove, who later would grow the company by shifting its focus from memory chips to microprocessors. Within a few years there would be more than fifty companies in the area making semiconductors. The exponential growth of this industry was correlated with the phenomenon famously discovered by Moore, who in 1965 drew a graph of the speed of integrated circuits, based on the number of transistors that could be placed on a chip, and showed that it doubled about every two years, a trajectory that could be expected to continue. This was reaffirmed in 1971, when Intel was able to etch a complete central processing unit onto one chip, the Intel 4004, tronic amplifier. “So I raced home, and I told my dad that he was wrong.” “No, it needs an amplifier,” his father assured him. When Steve protested otherwise, his father said he was crazy. “It can’t work without an amplifier. There’s some trick.” “I kept saying no to my dad, telling him he had to see it, and finally he actually walked down with me and saw it. And he said, ‘Well I’ll be a bat out of hell.’” Jobs recalled the incident vividly because it was his first realization that his father did not know everything. Then a more disconcerting discovery began to dawn on him: He was smarter than his parents. He had always admired his father’s competence and savvy. “He was not an educated man, but I had always thought he was pretty damn smart. He didn’t read much, but he could do a lot. Almost everything mechanical, he could figure it out.” Yet the carbon microphone incident, Jobs said, began a jarring process of realizing that he was in fact more clever and quick than his parents. “It was a very big moment that’s burned into my mind. When I realized that I was smarter than my parents, I felt tremendous shame for having thought that. I will never forget that moment.” This discovery, he later told friends, along with the fact that he was adopted, made him feel apart—detached and separate—from both his family and the world. Another layer of awareness occurred soon after. Not only did he discover that he was brighter than his parents, but he discovered that they knew this. Paul and Clara Jobs were loving parents, and they were willing to adapt their lives to suit a son who was very smart—and also willful. They would go to great lengths to accommodate him. And soon Steve discovered this fact as well. “Both my parents got me. They felt a lot of responsibility once they sensed that I was special. They found ways to keep feeding me stuff and putting me in better schools. They were willing to defer to my needs.” So he grew up not only with a sense of having once been abandoned, but also with a sense that he was special. In his own mind, that was more important in the formation of his personality. School Even before Jobs started elementary school, his mother had taught him how to read. This, however, led to some problems once he got to school. “I was kind of bored for the first few years 在這種情況下，俄羅斯和歐洲正興建一條新的天然氣運(yùn)輸管道，這就是北溪-2項(xiàng)目，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目全長1224公里，從俄羅斯穿過波羅的海，將天然氣運(yùn)輸?shù)降聡�和其它國家，歐洲很多國家都參與了這條管道項(xiàng)目的建設(shè)，畢竟這是歐洲國家的民生工程。一旦這條管道建設(shè)完成，可以為歐洲提供每年330億立方米的天然氣，可以滿足歐洲對天然氣十分之一的需求，這可是非常大的。它是氣態(tài)行星沒有實(shí)體表面，由90%的氫和10%的氦（原子數(shù)之比, 75/25%的質(zhì)量比）及微量的甲烷、水、氨水和“石頭”組成。這與形成整個(gè)太陽系的原始的太陽系星云的組成十分相似。木星可能有一個(gè)石質(zhì)的內(nèi)核，相當(dāng)于10－15個(gè)地球的質(zhì)量。內(nèi)核上則是大部分的行星物質(zhì)集結(jié)地，以液態(tài)氫的形式存在。液態(tài)金屬氫由離子化的質(zhì)子與電子組成（類似于太陽的內(nèi)部，不過溫度低多了）。木星啦有67顆木衛(wèi)。按距離木星中心由近及遠(yuǎn)的次序?yàn)椋耗拘l(wèi)十六、木衛(wèi)十四、木衛(wèi)五、木衛(wèi)十五、木衛(wèi)一、木衛(wèi)二、木衛(wèi)三、木衛(wèi)四、木衛(wèi)十三、木衛(wèi)六、木衛(wèi)十、木衛(wèi)七、木衛(wèi)十二、木衛(wèi)十一、木衛(wèi)八和木衛(wèi)九。[46] 水星是最接近太陽的行星。水星的半徑約為2440公里，在八大行星中是最小的。水星晝夜溫差極大，白天攝氏 430 度，晚上約可達(dá)零下170 度，是太陽系八大行星中溫差最大的一個(gè)行星。[47] 水星的外大氣層非常稀薄，是由水星表面和太陽風(fēng)中的原子和離子構(gòu)成。[48] 科學(xué)家確認(rèn)水星表面含有豐富的碳，認(rèn)為碳是水星表面呈黑色的原因，水星表面的巖石是由低重量百分比的石墨碳構(gòu)成。[49] “好奇號(hào)”火星探測器在火星表面采集樣本 “好奇號(hào)”火星探測器在火星表面采集樣本 [50] 火星是地球的近鄰，是太陽系由內(nèi)往外數(shù)第四顆行星。直徑6794km，體積為地球的15%，質(zhì)量為地球的11%�；鹦潜砻媸且粋�(gè)荒涼的世界，空氣中二氧化碳占了95%�；鹦谴髿馐�分稀薄，密度還不到地球大氣的1%，因而根本無法保存熱量。這導(dǎo)致火星表面溫度極低，很少超過0℃，在夜晚，最低溫度則可達(dá)到-123℃�；鹦潜环Q為紅色的行星，這是因?yàn)樗�表面布滿了氧化物，因而呈現(xiàn)出鐵銹紅色。其表面的大部分地區(qū)都是含有大量的紅色氧化物的大沙漠，還有赭色的礫石地和凝固的熔巖流�；鹦巧铣３Ｓ忻土业拇箫L(fēng)，大風(fēng)揚(yáng)起沙塵能形成可以覆蓋火星全球的特大型沙塵暴。每次沙塵暴可持續(xù)數(shù)個(gè)星期�；鹦莾蓸O的冰冠和火星大氣中含有水份。從火星表面獲得的探測數(shù)據(jù)證明，在遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)期八顆行星，直徑49532千米。海王星繞太陽運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的軌道半徑為45億千米，公轉(zhuǎn)一周需要165年。海王星的直徑和天王星類似，質(zhì)量比天王星略大一些。海王星和天王星的主要大氣成分都是氫和氦，內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)也極為相近，所以說海王星與天王星是一對孿生兄弟。[55] 海王星有太陽系最強(qiáng)烈的風(fēng)，測量到的時(shí)速高達(dá)2100公里。海王星云頂?shù)臏囟仁牵?18 °C，是太陽系最冷的地區(qū)之一。海王星核心的溫度約為7000 °C，可以和太陽的表面比較。海王星在1846年9月23日被發(fā)現(xiàn)，是唯一利用數(shù)學(xué)預(yù)測而非有計(jì)劃的觀測發(fā)現(xiàn)的行星。[56] 冥王星，位于海王星以外的柯伊伯帶內(nèi)側(cè)，是柯伊伯帶中已知的最大天體。[57] 直徑約為2370±20km，是地球直徑的18.5%。[58] 2006年8月24日，國際天文學(xué)聯(lián)合會(huì)大會(huì)24日投票決定，不再將傳統(tǒng)九大行星之一的冥王星視為行星，而將其列入“矮行星”。大會(huì)通過的決議規(guī)定，“行星”指的是圍繞太陽運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、自身引力足以克服其剛體力而使天體呈圓球狀、能夠清除其軌道附近其他物體的天體。在太陽系傳統(tǒng)的“九大行星”中，只有水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星和海王星符合這些要求。冥王星由于其軌道與海王星的軌道相交，不符合新的行星定義，因此被自動(dòng)降級(jí)為“矮行星”。[59] 冥王星的表面溫度大概在-238到-228℃之間。冥王星的成份由70%巖石和30%冰水混合而成的。地表上光亮的部分可能覆蓋著一些固體氮以及少量 衛(wèi)星拍月球經(jīng)過地球，可見清晰月球背面 衛(wèi)星拍月球經(jīng)過地球，可見清晰月球背面 [60] 的固體甲烷和一氧化碳，冥王星表面的黑暗部分可能是一些基本的有機(jī)物質(zhì)或是由宇宙射線引發(fā)的光化學(xué)反應(yīng)。冥王星的大氣層主要由氮和少量的一氧化碳及甲烷組成。大氣極其稀薄，地面壓強(qiáng)只有少量微帕。[61] 地球是離太陽第三顆行星，是我們?nèi)祟惖募亦l(xiāng)，盡管地球是太陽系中一顆普通的行星，但它在許多方面都是獨(dú)一無二的。比如，它是太陽系中唯一一顆面積大部分被水覆蓋的行星，也是目前所知唯一一顆有生命存在的星球。質(zhì)量M=5.9742 ×10^24 公斤，表面溫度：t = - 30 ～ +45。[62] 英國科研人員在《天體生物學(xué)》雜志上報(bào)告說，如果沒有小行星撞擊等可能劇烈改變環(huán)境的事件發(fā)生，地球適宜人類居住的時(shí)間還剩約17.5億年，不過人為造成的氣候變化可能縮短這一時(shí)間。[63] 彗星是由灰塵和冰塊組成的太陽系中的一類小天體，繞日運(yùn)動(dòng)。[64] 科學(xué)家使用探測器對彗星的化學(xué)遺留物進(jìn)行分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)其主要成份為氨、甲烷、硫化氫、氰化氫和甲醛�？茖W(xué)家得出結(jié)論稱，彗星的氣味聞起來像是臭雞蛋、馬尿、酒精和苦杏仁的氣味綜合。[65-66] “67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希門克”彗星 “67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希門克”彗星 [67] 在太陽系的周圍還包裹著一個(gè)龐大的“奧爾特云”。星云內(nèi)分布著不計(jì)其數(shù)的冰塊、雪團(tuán)和碎石。其中的某些會(huì)受太陽引力影響飛入內(nèi)太陽系，這學(xué)說，在原有的軌道（或稱小天體軌道）上又增加了更多的天體運(yùn)行軌道。這一模式稱每顆行星都沿著一個(gè)小軌道作圓周運(yùn)行，而小軌道又沿著該行星的大軌道繞地球作圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)。幾百年之后，這一模式的漏洞越來越明顯�？茖W(xué)家們又在這個(gè)模式上增加了許多軌道，行星就這樣沿著一道又一道的軌道作圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)。哥白尼想用“現(xiàn)代”（16世紀(jì)的）技術(shù)來改進(jìn)托勒密的測量結(jié)果，以期取消一些小軌道。在長達(dá)近20年的時(shí)間里，哥白尼不辭辛勞日夜測量行星的位置，但其測量獲得的結(jié)果仍然與托勒密的天體運(yùn)行模式?jīng)]有多少差別。哥白尼想知道在另一個(gè)運(yùn)行著的行星上觀察這些行星的運(yùn)行情況會(huì)是什么樣的�；�于這種設(shè)想，哥白尼萌發(fā)了一個(gè)念頭：假如地球在運(yùn)行中，那么這些行星的運(yùn)行看上去會(huì)是什么情況呢？這一設(shè)想在他腦海里變得清晰起來了。一年里，哥白尼在不同的時(shí)間、不同的距離從地球上觀察行星，每一個(gè)行星的情況都不相同，這是他意識(shí)到地球不可能位于星星漓道的中心。經(jīng)過20年的觀測，哥白尼發(fā)現(xiàn)唯獨(dú)太陽的周年變化不明顯。這意味著地球和太陽的距離始終沒有改變。如果地球不是宇宙的中心，那么宇宙的中心就是太陽。的發(fā)現(xiàn)才使牛頓有能力確定運(yùn)動(dòng)定律和萬有引力定律。哥白尼的日心宇宙體系既然是時(shí)代的產(chǎn)物，它就不能不受到時(shí)代的限制。反對神學(xué)的不徹底性，同時(shí)表現(xiàn)在哥白尼的某些觀點(diǎn)上，他的體系是存在缺陷的。哥白尼所指的宇宙是局限在一個(gè)小的范圍內(nèi)的，具體來說，他的宇宙結(jié)構(gòu)就是今天我們所熟知的太陽系，即以太陽為中心的天體系統(tǒng)。宇宙既然有它的中心，就必須有它的邊界，哥白尼雖然否定了托勒玫的“九重天”，但他卻保留了一層恒星天，盡管他回避了宇宙是否有限這個(gè)問題，但實(shí)際上他是相信恒星天球是宇宙的“外殼”，他仍然相信天體只能按照所謂完美的圓形軌道運(yùn)動(dòng)，所以哥白尼的宇宙體系，仍然包含著不動(dòng)的中心天體。但是作為近代自然科學(xué)的奠基人，哥白尼的歷史功績是偉大的。確認(rèn)地球不是宇宙的中心，而是行星之一，從而掀起了一場天文學(xué)上根本性的革.命，是人類探求客觀真理道路上的里程碑。哥白尼的偉大成就，不僅鋪平了通向近代天文學(xué)的道路，而且開創(chuàng)了整個(gè)自然界科學(xué)向前邁進(jìn)的新時(shí)代。從哥白尼時(shí)代起，脫離教會(huì)束縛的自然科學(xué)和哲學(xué)開始獲得飛躍的發(fā)展。哥白尼的科學(xué)成就，是他所處時(shí)代的產(chǎn)物，又轉(zhuǎn)過來推動(dòng)了時(shí)代的發(fā)展。順應(yīng)時(shí)代變化 十五、六世紀(jì)的歐洲，正是從封建社會(huì)向資本主義社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，在這一二百年間，社會(huì)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。14世紀(jì)以前的歐洲，到處是四分五裂的小城邦。后來，隨著城市工商業(yè)的興起，特別是采礦和冶金業(yè)的發(fā)展，涌現(xiàn)了許多新興的大城市，小城邦有了聯(lián)合起來組成國家的趨勢。到 15世紀(jì)末葉，在許多國家里都出現(xiàn)了基本上是中央集權(quán)的君主政體。當(dāng)時(shí)的波蘭不僅有像克拉科夫、波茲南這樣的大城市，也有許多手工業(yè)興盛的城

二

人類對抗病毒，有而且只有三種策略：隔離、藥物和疫苗！

1、隔離，其實(shí)就是降低接觸。

一方面，盡快發(fā)現(xiàn)新患者，并且他們隔離在專門的醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)里；

另一方面，限制人群的大規(guī)模流動(dòng)和公眾集會(huì)，建立良好的衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣，降低在接觸中被感染的概率。

但現(xiàn)在，隨著奧密克戎病毒蔓延到全世界，它正在成為像流感一樣，長期存在于人類社會(huì)的疾病，就算我們歷家一時(shí)把它阻斷了，但只要哪一天國門打開，它很可能又從國外回流。

2、效果好、主動(dòng)性強(qiáng)、成本最小的防范病毒性傳染病，是疫苗！

說到底，疫苗，其實(shí)是特殊處理過的病毒，打到人與體里不會(huì)致病，但能教免疫系統(tǒng)認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)病毒。下次碰到真的病毒，奶奶的，我們好像在哪見過？然后產(chǎn)生抗體干掉它。

但疫苗有疫苗的問題，一個(gè)是病毒變異太快，這個(gè)疫苗剛出來，新的病毒變異株產(chǎn)生了。另一個(gè)，疫苗有效率也沒辦法達(dá)到100%，總有一些漏網(wǎng)之魚，突破防線。

3、一旦病毒突破免疫防線，侵入人與體，這時(shí)候，就輪到藥物來大展身手了。

雖然，目前人類發(fā)明的絕大多數(shù)抗病毒藥物，做不到徹底消滅病毒，但部分延緩病毒感染過程、減輕疾病癥狀，是可以的。

有人或許要問：你說得那么興高采烈，那么，這個(gè)阿茲夫定的新冠特效藥，效果究竟如何呢？

據(jù)報(bào)道，2020年4月以來，阿茲夫定先后在國內(nèi)外獲批開展Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)。臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果非常亮眼：

1、顯著改善臨床癥狀：首次給藥后，第7天臨床癥狀改善的受試者比例為40.43%。

2、抑制新冠病毒作用：阿茲夫定具有抑制新冠病毒的活性，病毒清除時(shí)間為5天左右。

3、而且沒什么副作用：阿茲夫定片總體耐受性良好，未增加受試者風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

如果這些話聽起來太專業(yè)，那就講講案例吧。

在2022年4月16日舉辦的中國醫(yī)藥發(fā)展大會(huì)上，中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院學(xué)部委員、中國工程院蔣建東院士根據(jù)之前20人臨床數(shù)據(jù)對阿茲夫定的臨床藥效進(jìn)行了說明：患者口服用藥3-4天核酸轉(zhuǎn)陰，平均用藥時(shí)間6-7天，平均9天出院。

169. Don't let yesterday use up too much of today. 別留念昨天了，把握好今天吧。(Will Rogers) 170. If you are not brave enough, no one will back you up. 你不勇敢，沒人替你堅(jiān)強(qiáng)。171. If you don't build your dream, someone will hire you to build theirs. 如果你沒有夢想，那么你只能為別人的夢想打工。172. Beauty is all around, if you 在意的那些結(jié)根本算不了什么。183. The key to acquiring proficiency in any task is repetition. 任何事情成功關(guān)鍵都是熟能生巧�！渡�活大爆炸》 184. You can be happy no matter what. 開心一點(diǎn)吧，管它會(huì)怎樣。185. A good plan today is better than a perfect plan tomorrow. 今天的好計(jì)劃勝過明天的完美計(jì)劃。186. Nothing is impossible, the word itself says 'I'm possible'! 一切皆有可能！“不可能”的意思是：“不，可能�！�(奧黛麗·赫本) 187. Life isn't fair, but no matter your circumstances, you have to give it your all. 生活是不公平的，不管你的境遇如何，你只能全力以赴。188. No matter how hard it is, just keep going because you only fail when you give up. 無論多么艱難，都要繼續(xù)前進(jìn)，因?yàn)橹挥心惴艞壍哪且豢蹋�你才輸了。When Paul Jobs was mustered out of the Coast Guard after World War II, he made a wager with his crewmates. They had arrived in San Francisco, where their ship was decommissioned, and Paul bet that he would find himself a wife within two weeks. He was a taut, tattooed engine mechanic, six feet tall, with a passing resemblance to James Dean. But it wasn’t his looks that got him a date with Clara Hagopian, a sweet-humored daughter of Armenian immigrants. It was the fact that he and his friends had a car, unlike the group she had originally planned to go out with that evening. Ten days later, in March 1946, Paul got engaged to Clara and won his wager. It would turn out to be a happy marriage, one that lasted until death parted them more than forty years later. Paul Reinhold Jobs had been raised on a dairy farm in Germantown, Wisconsin. Even though his father was an alcoholic and sometimes abusive, Paul ended up with a gentle and calm disposition under his leathery exterior. After dropping out of high mechanic until, at age nineteen, he joined the Coast Guard, even though he didn’t know how to swim. He was deployed on the USS General M. C. Meigs and spent much of the war ferrying troops to Italy for General Patton. His talent as a machinist and fireman earned him commendations, but he occasionally found himself in minor trouble and never rose above the rank of seaman. Clara was born in New Jersey, where her parents had landed after fleeing the Turks in Armenia, and they moved to the Mission District of San Francisco when she was a child. She had a secret that she rarely mentioned to anyone: She had been married before, but her husband had been killed in the war. So when she met Paul Jobs on that first date, she was primed to start a new life. Clara, however, loved San Francisco, and in 1952 she convinced her husband to move back there. They got an apartment in the Sunset District facing the Pacific, just south of Golden Gate Park, and he took a job working for a finance company as a “repo man,” picking the locks of cars whose owners hadn’t paid their loans and repossessing them. He also bought, repaired, and sold some of the cars, making a decent enough living in the process. There was, however, something missing in their lives. They wanted children, but Clara had suffered an ectopic pregnancy, in which the fertilized egg was implanted in a fallopian tube rather than the uterus, and she had been unable to have any. So by 1955, after nine years of marriage, they were looking to adopt a child. Like Paul Jobs, Joanne Schieble was from a rural Wisconsin family of German heritage. Her father, Arthur Schieble, had immigrated to the outskirts of Green Bay, where he and his wife owned a mink farm and dabbled successfully in various other businesses, including real estate and photoengraving. He was very strict, especially regarding his daughter’s relationships, and he had strongly disapproved of her first love, an artist who was not a Catholic. Thus it was no surprise that he threatened to cut Joanne off completely when, as a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin, she fell in love with Abdulfattah “John” Jandali, a Muslim teaching assistant from Syria. Jandali was the youngest of nine children in a prominent Syrian family. His father owned oil refineries and multiple other businesses, with large holdings in Damascus and Homs, and at one point pretty much controlled the price of wheat in the region. His mother, he later said, was a “traditional Muslim woman” who was a “conservative, obedient housewife.” Like the Schieble family, the Jandalis put a premium on education. Abdulfattah was sent to a Jesuit boarding school, even though he was Muslim, and he got an undergraduate degree at the American University in Beirut before entering the University of Wisconsin to pursue a doctoral degree in political science. In the summer of 1954, Joanne went with Abdulfattah to Syria. They spent two months in Homs, where she learned from his family to cook Syrian dishes. When they returned to Wisconsin she discovered that she was pregnant. They were both twenty-three, but they decided not to get married. Her father was dying at the time, and he had threatened to disown her if she wed Abdulfattah. Nor was abortion an easy option in a small Catholic community. So in early 1955, Joanne traveled to San Francisco, where she was taken into the care of a kindly doctor who sheltered unwed mothers, delivered their babies, and quietly arranged closed adoptions. Joanne had one requirement: Her child must be adopted by college graduates. So the doctor arranged for the baby to be placed with a lawyer and his wife. But when a boy was born—on February 24, 1955—the designated couple decided that they wanted a girl and backed out. Thus it was that the boy became the son not of a lawyer but of a high school dropout with a passion for mechanics and his salt-of-the-earth wife who was working as a bookkeeper. Paul and Clara named their new baby Steven Paul Jobs. When Joanne found out that her baby had been placed with a couple who had not even graduated from high school, she refused to sign the adoption papers. The standoff lasted weeks, even after the baby had settled into the Jobs household. Eventually Joanne relented, with the stipulation that the couple promise—indeed sign a pledge—to fund a savings account to pay for the boy’s college education. There was another reason that Joanne was balky about signing the adoption papers. Her father was about to die, and she planned to marry Jandali soon after. She held out hope, she would later tell family members, sometimes tearing up at the memory, that once they were married, she could get their 別讓夢想只停留在夢里。181. A day without laughter is a day wasted. 沒有笑聲的一天是浪費(fèi)了的一天。(卓別林) 182. Travel and see the world; afterwards, you will be able to put your concerns in perspective. 去旅行吧，見的世面多了，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)原來在意的那些結(jié)根本算不了什么。183. The key to acquiring proficiency in any task is repetition. 任何事情成功關(guān)鍵都是熟能生巧�！渡�活大爆炸》 184. You can be happy no matter what. 開心一點(diǎn)吧，管它會(huì)怎樣。baby boy back. Arthur Schieble died in August 1955, after the adoption was finalized. Just after Christmas that year, Joanne and Abdulfattah were married in St. Philip the Apostle Catholic Church in Green Bay. He got his PhD in international politics the next year, and then they had another child, a girl named Mona. After she and Jandali divorced in 1962, Joanne embarked on a dreamy and peripatetic life that her daughter, who grew up to become the acclaimed novelist Mona Simpson, would capture in her book Anywhere but Here. Because Steve’s adoption had been closed, it would be twenty years before they would all find each other. Steve Jobs knew from an early age that he was adopted. “My parents were very open with me about that,” he recalled. He had a vivid memory of sitting on the lawn of his house, when he was six or seven years old, telling the girl who lived across the street. “So does that mean your real parents didn’t want you?” the girl asked. “Lightning bolts went off in my head,” according to Jobs. “I remember running into the house, crying. And my parents said, ‘No, you have to understand.’ They were very serious and looked me straight in the eye. They said, ‘We specifically picked you out.’ Both of my parents said that and repeated it slowly for me. And they put an emphasis on every word in that sentence.” Abandoned. Chosen. Special. Those concepts became part of who Jobs was and how he regarded himself. His closest friends think that the knowledge that he was given up at birth left some scars. “I think his desire for complete control of whatever he makes derives directly from his personality and the fact that he was abandoned at birth,” said one longtime colleague, Del Yocam. “He wants to control his environment, and he sees the product as an extension of himself.” Greg Calhoun, who became close to Jobs right after college, saw another effect. “Steve talked to me a lot about being abandoned and the pain that caused,” he said. “It made him independent. He followed the beat of a different drummer, and that came from being in a different world than he was born into.” Later in life, when he was the same age his biological father had been when he abandoned him, Jobs would father and abandon a child of his own. (He eventually took responsibility for her.) Chrisann Brennan, the mother of that child, said that being put up for adoption left Jobs “full of broken glass,” and it helps to explain some of his behavior. “He who is abandoned is an abandoner,” she said. Andy Hertzfeld, who worked with Jobs at Apple in the early 1980s, is among the few who remained close to both Brennan and Jobs. “The key question about Steve is why he can’t control himself at times from being so reflexively cruel and harmful to some people,” he said. “That goes back to being abandoned at birth. The real underlying problem was the theme of abandonment in Steve’s life.” Jobs dismissed this. “There’s some notion that because I was abandoned, I worked very hard so I could do well and make my parents wish they had me back, or some such nonsense, but that’s ridiculous,” he insisted. “Knowing I was adopted may have made me feel more independent, but I have never felt abandoned. I’ve always felt special. My parents made me feel special.” He would later bristle whenever anyone referred to Paul and Clara Jobs as his “adoptive” parents or implied that they were not his “real” parents. “They were my parents 1,000%,” he said. When speaking about his biological parents, on the other hand, he was curt: “They were my sperm and egg bank. That’s not harsh, it’s just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more.” Silicon Valley The childhood that Paul and Clara Jobs created for their new son was, in many ways, a stereotype of the late 1950s. When Steve was two they adopted a girl they named Patty, and three years later they moved to a tract house in the suburbs. The finance company where Paul worked as a repo man, CIT, had transferred him down to its Palo Alto office, but he could not afford to live there, so they landed in a subdivision in Mountain View, a less expensive town just to the south. There Paul tried to pass along his love of mechanics and cars. “Steve, this is your workbench now,” he said as he marked off a section of the table in their garage. Jobs remembered being impressed by his father’s focus on craftsmanship. “I thought my dad’s sense of design was pretty good,” he said, “because he knew how to build anything. If we needed a cabinet, he would build it. When he built our fence, he gave me a hammer so I could work with him.” Fifty years later the fence still surrounds the back and side yards of the house in Mountain View. As Jobs showed it off to me, he caressed the stockade panels and recalled a lesson that his father implanted deeply in him. It was important, his father said, to craft the backs of cabinets and fences properly, even though they were hidden. “He loved doing things right. He even cared about the look of the parts you couldn’t see.” His father continued to refurbish and resell used cars, and he festooned the garage with pictures of his favorites. He would point out the detailing of the design to his son: the lines, the vents, the chrome, the trim of the seats. After work each day, he would change into his dungarees and retreat to the garage, often with Steve tagging along. “I figured I could get him nailed down with a little mechanical ability, but he really wasn’t interested in getting his hands dirty,” Paul later recalled. “He never really cared too much about m189. It requires hard work to give off an appearance of effortlessness. 你必須十分努力，才能看起來毫不費(fèi)力。190. Life is like riding a bicycle.To keep your balance,you must keep moving. 人生就像騎單車，只有不斷前進(jìn)，才能保持平衡。(愛因斯坦) 191. Be thankful for what you have.You'll end up having more. 擁有一顆感恩的心，最終你會(huì)得到更多。192. Beauty is how you feel inside, and it reflects in your eyes. 美是一種內(nèi)心的感覺，并反映在你的眼睛里。(索菲亞·羅蘭) 193. Friendship doubles your joys, and divides your sorrows. 朋友的作用，就是讓你快樂加倍，痛苦減半。194. When you long for something sincerely, the whole world will help you. 當(dāng)你真心渴望某樣?xùn)|西時(shí)，整個(gè)宇宙都會(huì)來幫忙。echanical things.” “I wasn’t that into fixing cars,” Jobs admitted. “But I was eager to hang out with my dad.” Even as he was growing more aware that he had been adopted, he was becoming more attached to his father. One day when he was about eight, he discovered a photograph of his father from his time in the Coast Guard. “He’s in the engine room, and he’s got his shirt off and looks like James Dean. It was one of those Oh wow moments for a kid. Wow, oooh, my parents were actually once very young and really good-looking.” Through cars, his father gave Steve his first exposure to electronics. “My dad did not have a deep understanding of electronics, but he’d encountered it a lot in automobiles and other things he would fix. He showed me the rudiments of electronics, and I got very interested in that.” Even more interesting were the trips to scavenge for parts. “Every weekend, there’d be a junkyard trip. We’d be looking for a generator, a carburetor, all sorts of components.” He remembered watching his father negotiate at the counter. “He was a good bargainer, because he knew better than the guys at the counter what the parts should cost.” This helped fulfill the pledge his parents made when he was adopted. “My college fund came from my dad paying $50 for a Ford Falcon or some other beat-up car that didn’t run, working on it for a few weeks, and selling it for $250—and not telling the IRS.” The Jobses’ house and the others in their neighborhood were built by the real estate developer Joseph Eichler, whose company spawned more than eleven thousand homes in various California subdivisions between 1950 and 1974. Inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright’s vision of simple modern homes for the American “everyman,” Eichler built inexpensive houses that featured floor-to-ceiling glass walls, open floor plans, exposed post-and-beam construction, concrete slab floors, and lots of sliding glass doors. “Eichler did a great thing,” Jobs said on one of our walks around the neighborhood. “His houses were smart and cheap and good. They brought clean design and simple taste to lower-income people. They had awesome little features, like radiant heating in the floors. You put carpet on them, and we had nice toasty floors when we were kids.” Jobs said that his appreciation for Eichler homes instilled in him a passion for making nicely designed products for the mass market. “I love it when you can bring really great design and simple capability to something that doesn’t cost much,” he said as he pointed out the clean elegance of the houses. “It was the original vision for Apple. That’s what we tried to do with the first Mac. That’s what we did with the iPod.” Across the street from the Jobs family lived a man who had become successful as a real estate agent. “He wasn’t that bright,” Jobs recalled, “but he seemed to be making a fortune. So my dad thought, ‘I can do that.’ He worked so hard, I remember. He took these night classes, passed the license test, and got into real estate. Then the bottom fell out of the market.” As a result, the family found itself financially strapped for a year or so while Steve was in elementary school. His mother took a job as a bookkeeper for Varian Associates, a company that made scientific instruments, and they took out a second mortgage. One day his fourth-grade teacher asked him, “What is it you don’t understand about the universe?” Jobs replied, “I don’t understand why all of a sudden my dad is so broke.” He was proud that his father never adopted a servile attitude or slick style that may have made him a better salesman. “You had to suck up to people to sell real estate, and he wasn’t good at that and it wasn’t in his nature. I admired him for that.” Paul Jobs went back to being a mechanic. His father was calm and gentle, traits that his son later praised more than emulated. He was also resolute. Jobs described one exampl What made the neighborhood different from the thousands of other spindly-tree subdivisions across America was that even the ne’er-do-wells tended to be engineers. “When we moved here, there were apricot and plum orchards on all of these corners,” Jobs recalled. “But it was beginning to boom because of military investment.” He soaked up the history of the valley and developed a yearning to play his own role. Edwin Land of Polaroid later told him about being asked by Eisenhower to help build the U-2 spy plane cameras to see how real the Soviet threat was. The film was dropped in canisters and returned to the NASA Ames Research Center in Sunnyvale, not far from where Jobs lived. “The first computer terminal I ever saw was when my dad brought me to the Ames Center,” he said. “I fell totally in love with it.” Other defense contractors sprouted nearby during the 1950s. The Lockheed Missiles and Space Division, which built submarine-launched ballistic missiles, was founded in 1956 next to the NASA Center; by the time Jobs moved to the area four years later, it employed twenty thousand people. A few hundred yards away, Westinghouse built facilities that produced tubes and electrical transformers for the missile systems. “You had all these military companies on the cutting edge,” he recalled. “It was mysterious and high-tech and made living here very exciting.” In the wake of the defense industries there arose a booming economy based on technology. Its roots stretched back to 1938, when David Packard and his new wife moved into a house in Palo Alto that had a shed where his friend Bill Hewlett was soon ensconced. The house had a garage—an appendage that would prove both useful and iconic in the valley—in which they tinkered around until they had their first product, an audio oscillator. By the 1950s, Hewlett-Packard was a fast-growing company making technical instruments. Fortunately there was a place nearby for entrepreneurs who had outgrown their garages. In a move that would help transform the area into the cradle of the tech revolution, Stanford University’s dean of engineering, Frederick Terman, created a seven-hundred-acre industrial park on university land for private companies that could commercialize the ideas of his students. Its first tenant was Varian Associates, where Clara Jobs worked. “Terman came up with this great idea that did more than anything to cause the tech industry to grow up here,” Jobs said. By the time Jobs was ten, HP had nine thousand employees and was the blue-chip company where every engineer seeking financial stability wanted to work. The most important technology for the region’s growth was, of course, the semiconductor. William Shockley, who had been one of the inventors of the transistor at Bell Labs in New Jersey, moved out to Mountain View and, in 1956, started a company to build transistors using silicon rather than the more expensive germanium that was then commonly used. But Shockley became increasingly erratic and abandoned his silicon transistor project, which led eight of his engineers—most notably Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore—to break away to form Fairchild Semiconductor. That company grew to twelve thousand employees, but it fragmented in 1968, when Noyce lost a power struggle to become CEO. He took Gordon Moore and founded a company that they called Integrated Electronics Corporation, which they soon smartly abbreviated to Intel. Their third employee was Andrew Grove, who later would grow the company by shifting its focus from memory chips to microprocessors. Within a few years there would be more than fifty companies in the area making semiconductors. The exponential growth of this industry was correlated with the phenomenon famously discovered by Moore, who in 1965 drew a graph of the speed of integrated circuits, based on the number of transistors that could be placed on a chip, and showed that it doubled about every two years, a trajectory that could be expected to continue. This was reaffirmed in 1971, when Intel was able to etch a complete central processing unit onto one chip, the Intel 4004, tronic amplifier. “So I raced home, and I told my dad that he was wrong.” “No, it needs an amplifier,” his father assured him. When Steve protested otherwise, his father said he was crazy. “It can’t work without an amplifier. There’s some trick.” “I kept saying no to my dad, telling him he had to see it, and finally he actually walked down with me and saw it. And he said, ‘Well I’ll be a bat out of hell.’” Jobs recalled the incident vividly because it was his first realization that his father did not know everything. Then a more disconcerting discovery began to dawn on him: He was smarter than his parents. He had always admired his father’s competence and savvy. “He was not an educated man, but I had always thought he was pretty damn smart. He didn’t read much, but he could do a lot. Almost everything mechanical, he could figure it out.” Yet the carbon microphone incident, Jobs said, began a jarring process of realizing that he was in fact more clever and quick than his parents. “It was a very big moment that’s burned into my mind. When I realized that I was smarter than my parents, I felt tremendous shame for having thought that. I will never forget that moment.” This discovery, he later told friends, along with the fact that he was adopted, made him feel apart—detached and separate—from both his family and the world. Another layer of awareness occurred soon after. Not only did he discover that he was brighter than his parents, but he discovered that they knew this. Paul and Clara Jobs were loving parents, and they were willing to adapt their lives to suit a son who was very smart—and also willful. They would go to great lengths to accommodate him. And soon Steve discovered this fact as well. “Both my parents got me. They felt a lot of responsibility once they sensed that I was special. They found ways to keep feeding me stuff and putting me in better schools. They were willing to defer to my needs.” So he grew up not only with a sense of having once been abandoned, but also with a sense that he was special. In his own mind, that was more important in the formation of his personality. School Even before Jobs started elementary school, his mother had taught him how to read. This, however, led to some problems once he got to school. “I was kind of bored for the first few years 在這種情況下，俄羅斯和歐洲正興建一條新的天然氣運(yùn)輸管道，這就是北溪-2項(xiàng)目，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目全長1224公里，從俄羅斯穿過波羅的海，將天然氣運(yùn)輸?shù)降聡�和其它國家，歐洲很多國家都參與了這條管道項(xiàng)目的建設(shè)，畢竟這是歐洲國家的民生工程。一旦這條管道建設(shè)完成，可以為歐洲提供每年330億立方米的天然氣，可以滿足歐洲對天然氣十分之一的需求，這可是非常大的。它是氣態(tài)行星沒有實(shí)體表面，由90%的氫和10%的氦（原子數(shù)之比, 75/25%的質(zhì)量比）及微量的甲烷、水、氨水和“石頭”組成。這與形成整個(gè)太陽系的原始的太陽系星云的組成十分相似。木星可能有一個(gè)石質(zhì)的內(nèi)核，相當(dāng)于10－15個(gè)地球的質(zhì)量。內(nèi)核上則是大部分的行星物質(zhì)集結(jié)地，以液態(tài)氫的形式存在。液態(tài)金屬氫由離子化的質(zhì)子與電子組成（類似于太陽的內(nèi)部，不過溫度低多了）。木星啦有67顆木衛(wèi)。按距離木星中心由近及遠(yuǎn)的次序?yàn)椋耗拘l(wèi)十六、木衛(wèi)十四、木衛(wèi)五、木衛(wèi)十五、木衛(wèi)一、木衛(wèi)二、木衛(wèi)三、木衛(wèi)四、木衛(wèi)十三、木衛(wèi)六、木衛(wèi)十、木衛(wèi)七、木衛(wèi)十二、木衛(wèi)十一、木衛(wèi)八和木衛(wèi)九。[46] 水星是最接近太陽的行星。水星的半徑約為2440公里，在八大行星中是最小的。水星晝夜溫差極大，白天攝氏 430 度，晚上約可達(dá)零下170 度，是太陽系八大行星中溫差最大的一個(gè)行星。[47] 水星的外大氣層非常稀薄，是由水星表面和太陽風(fēng)中的原子和離子構(gòu)成。[48] 科學(xué)家確認(rèn)水星表面含有豐富的碳，認(rèn)為碳是水星表面呈黑色的原因，水星表面的巖石是由低重量百分比的石墨碳構(gòu)成。[49] “好奇號(hào)”火星探測器在火星表面采集樣本 “好奇號(hào)”火星探測器在火星表面采集樣本 [50] 火星是地球的近鄰，是太陽系由內(nèi)往外數(shù)第四顆行星。直徑6794km，體積為地球的15%，質(zhì)量為地球的11%。火星表面是一個(gè)荒涼的世界，空氣中二氧化碳占了95%�；鹦谴髿馐�分稀薄，密度還不到地球大氣的1%，因而根本無法保存熱量。這導(dǎo)致火星表面溫度極低，很少超過0℃，在夜晚，最低溫度則可達(dá)到-123℃。火星被稱為紅色的行星，這是因?yàn)樗�表面布滿了氧化物，因而呈現(xiàn)出鐵銹紅色。其表面的大部分地區(qū)都是含有大量的紅色氧化物的大沙漠，還有赭色的礫石地和凝固的熔巖流�；鹦巧铣３Ｓ忻土业拇箫L(fēng)，大風(fēng)揚(yáng)起沙塵能形成可以覆蓋火星全球的特大型沙塵暴。每次沙塵暴可持續(xù)數(shù)個(gè)星期�；鹦莾蓸O的冰冠和火星大氣中含有水份。從火星表面獲得的探測數(shù)據(jù)證明，在遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)期八顆行星，直徑49532千米。海王星繞太陽運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的軌道半徑為45億千米，公轉(zhuǎn)一周需要165年。海王星的直徑和天王星類似，質(zhì)量比天王星略大一些。海王星和天王星的主要大氣成分都是氫和氦，內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)也極為相近，所以說海王星與天王星是一對孿生兄弟。[55] 海王星有太陽系最強(qiáng)烈的風(fēng)，測量到的時(shí)速高達(dá)2100公里。海王星云頂?shù)臏囟仁牵?18 °C，是太陽系最冷的地區(qū)之一。海王星核心的溫度約為7000 °C，可以和太陽的表面比較。海王星在1846年9月23日被發(fā)現(xiàn)，是唯一利用數(shù)學(xué)預(yù)測而非有計(jì)劃的觀測發(fā)現(xiàn)的行星。[56] 冥王星，位于海王星以外的柯伊伯帶內(nèi)側(cè)，是柯伊伯帶中已知的最大天體。[57] 直徑約為2370±20km，是地球直徑的18.5%。[58] 2006年8月24日，國際天文學(xué)聯(lián)合會(huì)大會(huì)24日投票決定，不再將傳統(tǒng)九大行星之一的冥王星視為行星，而將其列入“矮行星”。大會(huì)通過的決議規(guī)定，“行星”指的是圍繞太陽運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、自身引力足以克服其剛體力而使天體呈圓球狀、能夠清除其軌道附近其他物體的天體。在太陽系傳統(tǒng)的“九大行星”中，只有水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星和海王星符合這些要求。冥王星由于其軌道與海王星的軌道相交，不符合新的行星定義，因此被自動(dòng)降級(jí)為“矮行星”。[59] 冥王星的表面溫度大概在-238到-228℃之間。冥王星的成份由70%巖石和30%冰水混合而成的。地表上光亮的部分可能覆蓋著一些固體氮以及少量 衛(wèi)星拍月球經(jīng)過地球，可見清晰月球背面 衛(wèi)星拍月球經(jīng)過地球，可見清晰月球背面 [60] 的固體甲烷和一氧化碳，冥王星表面的黑暗部分可能是一些基本的有機(jī)物質(zhì)或是由宇宙射線引發(fā)的光化學(xué)反應(yīng)。冥王星的大氣層主要由氮和少量的一氧化碳及甲烷組成。大氣極其稀薄，地面壓強(qiáng)只有少量微帕。[61] 地球是離太陽第三顆行星，是我們?nèi)祟惖募亦l(xiāng)，盡管地球是太陽系中一顆普通的行星，但它在許多方面都是獨(dú)一無二的。比如，它是太陽系中唯一一顆面積大部分被水覆蓋的行星，也是目前所知唯一一顆有生命存在的星球。質(zhì)量M=5.9742 ×10^24 公斤，表面溫度：t = - 30 ～ +45。[62] 英國科研人員在《天體生物學(xué)》雜志上報(bào)告說，如果沒有小行星撞擊等可能劇烈改變環(huán)境的事件發(fā)生，地球適宜人類居住的時(shí)間還剩約17.5億年，不過人為造成的氣候變化可能縮短這一時(shí)間。[63] 彗星是由灰塵和冰塊組成的太陽系中的一類小天體，繞日運(yùn)動(dòng)。[64] 科學(xué)家使用探測器對彗星的化學(xué)遺留物進(jìn)行分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)其主要成份為氨、甲烷、硫化氫、氰化氫和甲醛�？茖W(xué)家得出結(jié)論稱，彗星的氣味聞起來像是臭雞蛋、馬尿、酒精和苦杏仁的氣味綜合。[65-66] “67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希門克”彗星 “67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希門克”彗星 [67] 在太陽系的周圍還包裹著一個(gè)龐大的“奧爾特云”。星云內(nèi)分布著不計(jì)其數(shù)的冰塊、雪團(tuán)和碎石。其中的某些會(huì)受太陽引力影響飛入內(nèi)太陽系，這學(xué)說，在原有的軌道（或稱小天體軌道）上又增加了更多的天體運(yùn)行軌道。這一模式稱每顆行星都沿著一個(gè)小軌道作圓周運(yùn)行，而小軌道又沿著該行星的大軌道繞地球作圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)。幾百年之后，這一模式的漏洞越來越明顯�？茖W(xué)家們又在這個(gè)模式上增加了許多軌道，行星就這樣沿著一道又一道的軌道作圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)。哥白尼想用“現(xiàn)代”（16世紀(jì)的）技術(shù)來改進(jìn)托勒密的測量結(jié)果，以期取消一些小軌道。在長達(dá)近20年的時(shí)間里，哥白尼不辭辛勞日夜測量行星的位置，但其測量獲得的結(jié)果仍然與托勒密的天體運(yùn)行模式?jīng)]有多少差別。哥白尼想知道在另一個(gè)運(yùn)行著的行星上觀察這些行星的運(yùn)行情況會(huì)是什么樣的�；�于這種設(shè)想，哥白尼萌發(fā)了一個(gè)念頭：假如地球在運(yùn)行中，那么這些行星的運(yùn)行看上去會(huì)是什么情況呢？這一設(shè)想在他腦海里變得清晰起來了。一年里，哥白尼在不同的時(shí)間、不同的距離從地球上觀察行星，每一個(gè)行星的情況都不相同，這是他意識(shí)到地球不可能位于星星漓道的中心。經(jīng)過20年的觀測，哥白尼發(fā)現(xiàn)唯獨(dú)太陽的周年變化不明顯。這意味著地球和太陽的距離始終沒有改變。如果地球不是宇宙的中心，那么宇宙的中心就是太陽。的發(fā)現(xiàn)才使牛頓有能力確定運(yùn)動(dòng)定律和萬有引力定律。哥白尼的日心宇宙體系既然是時(shí)代的產(chǎn)物，它就不能不受到時(shí)代的限制。反對神學(xué)的不徹底性，同時(shí)表現(xiàn)在哥白尼的某些觀點(diǎn)上，他的體系是存在缺陷的。哥白尼所指的宇宙是局限在一個(gè)小的范圍內(nèi)的，具體來說，他的宇宙結(jié)構(gòu)就是今天我們所熟知的太陽系，即以太陽為中心的天體系統(tǒng)。宇宙既然有它的中心，就必須有它的邊界，哥白尼雖然否定了托勒玫的“九重天”，但他卻保留了一層恒星天，盡管他回避了宇宙是否有限這個(gè)問題，但實(shí)際上他是相信恒星天球是宇宙的“外殼”，他仍然相信天體只能按照所謂完美的圓形軌道運(yùn)動(dòng)，所以哥白尼的宇宙體系，仍然包含著不動(dòng)的中心天體。但是作為近代自然科學(xué)的奠基人，哥白尼的歷史功績是偉大的。確認(rèn)地球不是宇宙的中心，而是行星之一，從而掀起了一場天文學(xué)上根本性的革.命，是人類探求客觀真理道路上的里程碑。哥白尼的偉大成就，不僅鋪平了通向近代天文學(xué)的道路，而且開創(chuàng)了整個(gè)自然界科學(xué)向前邁進(jìn)的新時(shí)代。從哥白尼時(shí)代起，脫離教會(huì)束縛的自然科學(xué)和哲學(xué)開始獲得飛躍的發(fā)展。哥白尼的科學(xué)成就，是他所處時(shí)代的產(chǎn)物，又轉(zhuǎn)過來推動(dòng)了時(shí)代的發(fā)展。順應(yīng)時(shí)代變化 十五、六世紀(jì)的歐洲，正是從封建社會(huì)向資本主義社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，在這一二百年間，社會(huì)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。14世紀(jì)以前的歐洲，到處是四分五裂的小城邦。后來，隨著城市工商業(yè)的興起，特別是采礦和冶金業(yè)的發(fā)展，涌現(xiàn)了許多新興的大城市，小城邦有了聯(lián)合起來組成國家的趨勢。到 15世紀(jì)末葉，在許多國家里都出現(xiàn)了基本上是中央集權(quán)的君主政體。當(dāng)時(shí)的波蘭不僅有像克拉科夫、波茲南這樣的大城市，也有許多手工業(yè)興盛的城

蔣建東院士發(fā)言，來源：中國醫(yī)學(xué)發(fā)展大會(huì)

有人或許要問：這么牛掰的藥，一旦上市，是不是要賣到天價(jià)？

根據(jù)北京日報(bào)報(bào)道，真實(shí)生物專家在會(huì)議中曾透露，阿茲夫定治療新冠的單個(gè)療程為7天，每天5毫克使用量，一個(gè)療程35毫克。

對應(yīng)目前艾滋病用藥的定價(jià)，治療新冠單個(gè)療程對應(yīng)價(jià)格僅為900元。

一旦規(guī)模量產(chǎn)，原材料藥還將進(jìn)一步下降，可降低至40萬/公斤，對應(yīng)原料同比例下降，單個(gè)療程僅需240元。

對比現(xiàn)在輝瑞的Paxlovid在美國地區(qū)的采購價(jià)格，為每療程529美元，約合人民幣3560元。

一旦上市后，預(yù)計(jì)定價(jià)最多只有輝瑞Paxlovid的1/10，而療效有過之而無不及！

實(shí)踐說明，外國的月亮并不比中國的圓！

現(xiàn)在，首個(gè)國產(chǎn)口服新冠藥物終于來了，這也說明抗疫的勝利曙光已現(xiàn)！大家加油！

春天不會(huì)太遙遠(yuǎn)了！

169. Don't let yesterday use up too much of today. 別留念昨天了，把握好今天吧。(Will Rogers) 170. If you are not brave enough, no one will back you up. 你不勇敢，沒人替你堅(jiān)強(qiáng)。171. If you don't build your dream, someone will hire you to build theirs. 如果你沒有夢想，那么你只能為別人的夢想打工。172. Beauty is all around, if you 在意的那些結(jié)根本算不了什么。183. The key to acquiring proficiency in any task is repetition. 任何事情成功關(guān)鍵都是熟能生巧�！渡�活大爆炸》 184. You can be happy no matter what. 開心一點(diǎn)吧，管它會(huì)怎樣。185. A good plan today is better than a perfect plan tomorrow. 今天的好計(jì)劃勝過明天的完美計(jì)劃。186. Nothing is impossible, the word itself says 'I'm possible'! 一切皆有可能！“不可能”的意思是：“不，可能。”(奧黛麗·赫本) 187. Life isn't fair, but no matter your circumstances, you have to give it your all. 生活是不公平的，不管你的境遇如何，你只能全力以赴。188. No matter how hard it is, just keep going because you only fail when you give up. 無論多么艱難，都要繼續(xù)前進(jìn)，因?yàn)橹挥心惴艞壍哪且豢蹋�你才輸了。When Paul Jobs was mustered out of the Coast Guard after World War II, he made a wager with his crewmates. They had arrived in San Francisco, where their ship was decommissioned, and Paul bet that he would find himself a wife within two weeks. He was a taut, tattooed engine mechanic, six feet tall, with a passing resemblance to James Dean. But it wasn’t his looks that got him a date with Clara Hagopian, a sweet-humored daughter of Armenian immigrants. It was the fact that he and his friends had a car, unlike the group she had originally planned to go out with that evening. Ten days later, in March 1946, Paul got engaged to Clara and won his wager. It would turn out to be a happy marriage, one that lasted until death parted them more than forty years later. Paul Reinhold Jobs had been raised on a dairy farm in Germantown, Wisconsin. Even though his father was an alcoholic and sometimes abusive, Paul ended up with a gentle and calm disposition under his leathery exterior. After dropping out of high mechanic until, at age nineteen, he joined the Coast Guard, even though he didn’t know how to swim. He was deployed on the USS General M. C. Meigs and spent much of the war ferrying troops to Italy for General Patton. His talent as a machinist and fireman earned him commendations, but he occasionally found himself in minor trouble and never rose above the rank of seaman. Clara was born in New Jersey, where her parents had landed after fleeing the Turks in Armenia, and they moved to the Mission District of San Francisco when she was a child. She had a secret that she rarely mentioned to anyone: She had been married before, but her husband had been killed in the war. So when she met Paul Jobs on that first date, she was primed to start a new life. Clara, however, loved San Francisco, and in 1952 she convinced her husband to move back there. They got an apartment in the Sunset District facing the Pacific, just south of Golden Gate Park, and he took a job working for a finance company as a “repo man,” picking the locks of cars whose owners hadn’t paid their loans and repossessing them. He also bought, repaired, and sold some of the cars, making a decent enough living in the process. There was, however, something missing in their lives. They wanted children, but Clara had suffered an ectopic pregnancy, in which the fertilized egg was implanted in a fallopian tube rather than the uterus, and she had been unable to have any. So by 1955, after nine years of marriage, they were looking to adopt a child. Like Paul Jobs, Joanne Schieble was from a rural Wisconsin family of German heritage. Her father, Arthur Schieble, had immigrated to the outskirts of Green Bay, where he and his wife owned a mink farm and dabbled successfully in various other businesses, including real estate and photoengraving. He was very strict, especially regarding his daughter’s relationships, and he had strongly disapproved of her first love, an artist who was not a Catholic. Thus it was no surprise that he threatened to cut Joanne off completely when, as a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin, she fell in love with Abdulfattah “John” Jandali, a Muslim teaching assistant from Syria. Jandali was the youngest of nine children in a prominent Syrian family. His father owned oil refineries and multiple other businesses, with large holdings in Damascus and Homs, and at one point pretty much controlled the price of wheat in the region. His mother, he later said, was a “traditional Muslim woman” who was a “conservative, obedient housewife.” Like the Schieble family, the Jandalis put a premium on education. Abdulfattah was sent to a Jesuit boarding school, even though he was Muslim, and he got an undergraduate degree at the American University in Beirut before entering the University of Wisconsin to pursue a doctoral degree in political science. In the summer of 1954, Joanne went with Abdulfattah to Syria. They spent two months in Homs, where she learned from his family to cook Syrian dishes. When they returned to Wisconsin she discovered that she was pregnant. They were both twenty-three, but they decided not to get married. Her father was dying at the time, and he had threatened to disown her if she wed Abdulfattah. Nor was abortion an easy option in a small Catholic community. So in early 1955, Joanne traveled to San Francisco, where she was taken into the care of a kindly doctor who sheltered unwed mothers, delivered their babies, and quietly arranged closed adoptions. Joanne had one requirement: Her child must be adopted by college graduates. So the doctor arranged for the baby to be placed with a lawyer and his wife. But when a boy was born—on February 24, 1955—the designated couple decided that they wanted a girl and backed out. Thus it was that the boy became the son not of a lawyer but of a high school dropout with a passion for mechanics and his salt-of-the-earth wife who was working as a bookkeeper. Paul and Clara named their new baby Steven Paul Jobs. When Joanne found out that her baby had been placed with a couple who had not even graduated from high school, she refused to sign the adoption papers. The standoff lasted weeks, even after the baby had settled into the Jobs household. Eventually Joanne relented, with the stipulation that the couple promise—indeed sign a pledge—to fund a savings account to pay for the boy’s college education. There was another reason that Joanne was balky about signing the adoption papers. Her father was about to die, and she planned to marry Jandali soon after. She held out hope, she would later tell family members, sometimes tearing up at the memory, that once they were married, she could get their 別讓夢想只停留在夢里。181. A day without laughter is a day wasted. 沒有笑聲的一天是浪費(fèi)了的一天。(卓別林) 182. Travel and see the world; afterwards, you will be able to put your concerns in perspective. 去旅行吧，見的世面多了，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)原來在意的那些結(jié)根本算不了什么。183. The key to acquiring proficiency in any task is repetition. 任何事情成功關(guān)鍵都是熟能生巧�！渡�活大爆炸》 184. You can be happy no matter what. 開心一點(diǎn)吧，管它會(huì)怎樣。baby boy back. Arthur Schieble died in August 1955, after the adoption was finalized. Just after Christmas that year, Joanne and Abdulfattah were married in St. Philip the Apostle Catholic Church in Green Bay. He got his PhD in international politics the next year, and then they had another child, a girl named Mona. After she and Jandali divorced in 1962, Joanne embarked on a dreamy and peripatetic life that her daughter, who grew up to become the acclaimed novelist Mona Simpson, would capture in her book Anywhere but Here. Because Steve’s adoption had been closed, it would be twenty years before they would all find each other. Steve Jobs knew from an early age that he was adopted. “My parents were very open with me about that,” he recalled. He had a vivid memory of sitting on the lawn of his house, when he was six or seven years old, telling the girl who lived across the street. “So does that mean your real parents didn’t want you?” the girl asked. “Lightning bolts went off in my head,” according to Jobs. “I remember running into the house, crying. And my parents said, ‘No, you have to understand.’ They were very serious and looked me straight in the eye. They said, ‘We specifically picked you out.’ Both of my parents said that and repeated it slowly for me. And they put an emphasis on every word in that sentence.” Abandoned. Chosen. Special. Those concepts became part of who Jobs was and how he regarded himself. His closest friends think that the knowledge that he was given up at birth left some scars. “I think his desire for complete control of whatever he makes derives directly from his personality and the fact that he was abandoned at birth,” said one longtime colleague, Del Yocam. “He wants to control his environment, and he sees the product as an extension of himself.” Greg Calhoun, who became close to Jobs right after college, saw another effect. “Steve talked to me a lot about being abandoned and the pain that caused,” he said. “It made him independent. He followed the beat of a different drummer, and that came from being in a different world than he was born into.” Later in life, when he was the same age his biological father had been when he abandoned him, Jobs would father and abandon a child of his own. (He eventually took responsibility for her.) Chrisann Brennan, the mother of that child, said that being put up for adoption left Jobs “full of broken glass,” and it helps to explain some of his behavior. “He who is abandoned is an abandoner,” she said. Andy Hertzfeld, who worked with Jobs at Apple in the early 1980s, is among the few who remained close to both Brennan and Jobs. “The key question about Steve is why he can’t control himself at times from being so reflexively cruel and harmful to some people,” he said. “That goes back to being abandoned at birth. The real underlying problem was the theme of abandonment in Steve’s life.” Jobs dismissed this. “There’s some notion that because I was abandoned, I worked very hard so I could do well and make my parents wish they had me back, or some such nonsense, but that’s ridiculous,” he insisted. “Knowing I was adopted may have made me feel more independent, but I have never felt abandoned. I’ve always felt special. My parents made me feel special.” He would later bristle whenever anyone referred to Paul and Clara Jobs as his “adoptive” parents or implied that they were not his “real” parents. “They were my parents 1,000%,” he said. When speaking about his biological parents, on the other hand, he was curt: “They were my sperm and egg bank. That’s not harsh, it’s just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more.” Silicon Valley The childhood that Paul and Clara Jobs created for their new son was, in many ways, a stereotype of the late 1950s. When Steve was two they adopted a girl they named Patty, and three years later they moved to a tract house in the suburbs. The finance company where Paul worked as a repo man, CIT, had transferred him down to its Palo Alto office, but he could not afford to live there, so they landed in a subdivision in Mountain View, a less expensive town just to the south. There Paul tried to pass along his love of mechanics and cars. “Steve, this is your workbench now,” he said as he marked off a section of the table in their garage. Jobs remembered being impressed by his father’s focus on craftsmanship. “I thought my dad’s sense of design was pretty good,” he said, “because he knew how to build anything. If we needed a cabinet, he would build it. When he built our fence, he gave me a hammer so I could work with him.” Fifty years later the fence still surrounds the back and side yards of the house in Mountain View. As Jobs showed it off to me, he caressed the stockade panels and recalled a lesson that his father implanted deeply in him. It was important, his father said, to craft the backs of cabinets and fences properly, even though they were hidden. “He loved doing things right. He even cared about the look of the parts you couldn’t see.” His father continued to refurbish and resell used cars, and he festooned the garage with pictures of his favorites. He would point out the detailing of the design to his son: the lines, the vents, the chrome, the trim of the seats. After work each day, he would change into his dungarees and retreat to the garage, often with Steve tagging along. “I figured I could get him nailed down with a little mechanical ability, but he really wasn’t interested in getting his hands dirty,” Paul later recalled. “He never really cared too much about m189. It requires hard work to give off an appearance of effortlessness. 你必須十分努力，才能看起來毫不費(fèi)力。190. Life is like riding a bicycle.To keep your balance,you must keep moving. 人生就像騎單車，只有不斷前進(jìn)，才能保持平衡。(愛因斯坦) 191. Be thankful for what you have.You'll end up having more. 擁有一顆感恩的心，最終你會(huì)得到更多。192. Beauty is how you feel inside, and it reflects in your eyes. 美是一種內(nèi)心的感覺，并反映在你的眼睛里。(索菲亞·羅蘭) 193. Friendship doubles your joys, and divides your sorrows. 朋友的作用，就是讓你快樂加倍，痛苦減半。194. When you long for something sincerely, the whole world will help you. 當(dāng)你真心渴望某樣?xùn)|西時(shí)，整個(gè)宇宙都會(huì)來幫忙。echanical things.” “I wasn’t that into fixing cars,” Jobs admitted. “But I was eager to hang out with my dad.” Even as he was growing more aware that he had been adopted, he was becoming more attached to his father. One day when he was about eight, he discovered a photograph of his father from his time in the Coast Guard. “He’s in the engine room, and he’s got his shirt off and looks like James Dean. It was one of those Oh wow moments for a kid. Wow, oooh, my parents were actually once very young and really good-looking.” Through cars, his father gave Steve his first exposure to electronics. “My dad did not have a deep understanding of electronics, but he’d encountered it a lot in automobiles and other things he would fix. He showed me the rudiments of electronics, and I got very interested in that.” Even more interesting were the trips to scavenge for parts. “Every weekend, there’d be a junkyard trip. We’d be looking for a generator, a carburetor, all sorts of components.” He remembered watching his father negotiate at the counter. “He was a good bargainer, because he knew better than the guys at the counter what the parts should cost.” This helped fulfill the pledge his parents made when he was adopted. “My college fund came from my dad paying $50 for a Ford Falcon or some other beat-up car that didn’t run, working on it for a few weeks, and selling it for $250—and not telling the IRS.” The Jobses’ house and the others in their neighborhood were built by the real estate developer Joseph Eichler, whose company spawned more than eleven thousand homes in various California subdivisions between 1950 and 1974. Inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright’s vision of simple modern homes for the American “everyman,” Eichler built inexpensive houses that featured floor-to-ceiling glass walls, open floor plans, exposed post-and-beam construction, concrete slab floors, and lots of sliding glass doors. “Eichler did a great thing,” Jobs said on one of our walks around the neighborhood. “His houses were smart and cheap and good. They brought clean design and simple taste to lower-income people. They had awesome little features, like radiant heating in the floors. You put carpet on them, and we had nice toasty floors when we were kids.” Jobs said that his appreciation for Eichler homes instilled in him a passion for making nicely designed products for the mass market. “I love it when you can bring really great design and simple capability to something that doesn’t cost much,” he said as he pointed out the clean elegance of the houses. “It was the original vision for Apple. That’s what we tried to do with the first Mac. That’s what we did with the iPod.” Across the street from the Jobs family lived a man who had become successful as a real estate agent. “He wasn’t that bright,” Jobs recalled, “but he seemed to be making a fortune. So my dad thought, ‘I can do that.’ He worked so hard, I remember. He took these night classes, passed the license test, and got into real estate. Then the bottom fell out of the market.” As a result, the family found itself financially strapped for a year or so while Steve was in elementary school. His mother took a job as a bookkeeper for Varian Associates, a company that made scientific instruments, and they took out a second mortgage. One day his fourth-grade teacher asked him, “What is it you don’t understand about the universe?” Jobs replied, “I don’t understand why all of a sudden my dad is so broke.” He was proud that his father never adopted a servile attitude or slick style that may have made him a better salesman. “You had to suck up to people to sell real estate, and he wasn’t good at that and it wasn’t in his nature. I admired him for that.” Paul Jobs went back to being a mechanic. His father was calm and gentle, traits that his son later praised more than emulated. He was also resolute. Jobs described one exampl What made the neighborhood different from the thousands of other spindly-tree subdivisions across America was that even the ne’er-do-wells tended to be engineers. “When we moved here, there were apricot and plum orchards on all of these corners,” Jobs recalled. “But it was beginning to boom because of military investment.” He soaked up the history of the valley and developed a yearning to play his own role. Edwin Land of Polaroid later told him about being asked by Eisenhower to help build the U-2 spy plane cameras to see how real the Soviet threat was. The film was dropped in canisters and returned to the NASA Ames Research Center in Sunnyvale, not far from where Jobs lived. “The first computer terminal I ever saw was when my dad brought me to the Ames Center,” he said. “I fell totally in love with it.” Other defense contractors sprouted nearby during the 1950s. The Lockheed Missiles and Space Division, which built submarine-launched ballistic missiles, was founded in 1956 next to the NASA Center; by the time Jobs moved to the area four years later, it employed twenty thousand people. A few hundred yards away, Westinghouse built facilities that produced tubes and electrical transformers for the missile systems. “You had all these military companies on the cutting edge,” he recalled. “It was mysterious and high-tech and made living here very exciting.” In the wake of the defense industries there arose a booming economy based on technology. Its roots stretched back to 1938, when David Packard and his new wife moved into a house in Palo Alto that had a shed where his friend Bill Hewlett was soon ensconced. The house had a garage—an appendage that would prove both useful and iconic in the valley—in which they tinkered around until they had their first product, an audio oscillator. By the 1950s, Hewlett-Packard was a fast-growing company making technical instruments. Fortunately there was a place nearby for entrepreneurs who had outgrown their garages. In a move that would help transform the area into the cradle of the tech revolution, Stanford University’s dean of engineering, Frederick Terman, created a seven-hundred-acre industrial park on university land for private companies that could commercialize the ideas of his students. Its first tenant was Varian Associates, where Clara Jobs worked. “Terman came up with this great idea that did more than anything to cause the tech industry to grow up here,” Jobs said. By the time Jobs was ten, HP had nine thousand employees and was the blue-chip company where every engineer seeking financial stability wanted to work. The most important technology for the region’s growth was, of course, the semiconductor. William Shockley, who had been one of the inventors of the transistor at Bell Labs in New Jersey, moved out to Mountain View and, in 1956, started a company to build transistors using silicon rather than the more expensive germanium that was then commonly used. But Shockley became increasingly erratic and abandoned his silicon transistor project, which led eight of his engineers—most notably Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore—to break away to form Fairchild Semiconductor. That company grew to twelve thousand employees, but it fragmented in 1968, when Noyce lost a power struggle to become CEO. He took Gordon Moore and founded a company that they called Integrated Electronics Corporation, which they soon smartly abbreviated to Intel. Their third employee was Andrew Grove, who later would grow the company by shifting its focus from memory chips to microprocessors. Within a few years there would be more than fifty companies in the area making semiconductors. The exponential growth of this industry was correlated with the phenomenon famously discovered by Moore, who in 1965 drew a graph of the speed of integrated circuits, based on the number of transistors that could be placed on a chip, and showed that it doubled about every two years, a trajectory that could be expected to continue. This was reaffirmed in 1971, when Intel was able to etch a complete central processing unit onto one chip, the Intel 4004, tronic amplifier. “So I raced home, and I told my dad that he was wrong.” “No, it needs an amplifier,” his father assured him. When Steve protested otherwise, his father said he was crazy. “It can’t work without an amplifier. There’s some trick.” “I kept saying no to my dad, telling him he had to see it, and finally he actually walked down with me and saw it. And he said, ‘Well I’ll be a bat out of hell.’” Jobs recalled the incident vividly because it was his first realization that his father did not know everything. Then a more disconcerting discovery began to dawn on him: He was smarter than his parents. He had always admired his father’s competence and savvy. “He was not an educated man, but I had always thought he was pretty damn smart. He didn’t read much, but he could do a lot. Almost everything mechanical, he could figure it out.” Yet the carbon microphone incident, Jobs said, began a jarring process of realizing that he was in fact more clever and quick than his parents. “It was a very big moment that’s burned into my mind. When I realized that I was smarter than my parents, I felt tremendous shame for having thought that. I will never forget that moment.” This discovery, he later told friends, along with the fact that he was adopted, made him feel apart—detached and separate—from both his family and the world. Another layer of awareness occurred soon after. Not only did he discover that he was brighter than his parents, but he discovered that they knew this. Paul and Clara Jobs were loving parents, and they were willing to adapt their lives to suit a son who was very smart—and also willful. They would go to great lengths to accommodate him. And soon Steve discovered this fact as well. “Both my parents got me. They felt a lot of responsibility once they sensed that I was special. They found ways to keep feeding me stuff and putting me in better schools. They were willing to defer to my needs.” So he grew up not only with a sense of having once been abandoned, but also with a sense that he was special. In his own mind, that was more important in the formation of his personality. School Even before Jobs started elementary school, his mother had taught him how to read. This, however, led to some problems once he got to school. “I was kind of bored for the first few years 在這種情況下，俄羅斯和歐洲正興建一條新的天然氣運(yùn)輸管道，這就是北溪-2項(xiàng)目，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目全長1224公里，從俄羅斯穿過波羅的海，將天然氣運(yùn)輸?shù)降聡�和其它國家，歐洲很多國家都參與了這條管道項(xiàng)目的建設(shè)，畢竟這是歐洲國家的民生工程。一旦這條管道建設(shè)完成，可以為歐洲提供每年330億立方米的天然氣，可以滿足歐洲對天然氣十分之一的需求，這可是非常大的。它是氣態(tài)行星沒有實(shí)體表面，由90%的氫和10%的氦（原子數(shù)之比, 75/25%的質(zhì)量比）及微量的甲烷、水、氨水和“石頭”組成。這與形成整個(gè)太陽系的原始的太陽系星云的組成十分相似。木星可能有一個(gè)石質(zhì)的內(nèi)核，相當(dāng)于10－15個(gè)地球的質(zhì)量。內(nèi)核上則是大部分的行星物質(zhì)集結(jié)地，以液態(tài)氫的形式存在。液態(tài)金屬氫由離子化的質(zhì)子與電子組成（類似于太陽的內(nèi)部，不過溫度低多了）。木星啦有67顆木衛(wèi)。按距離木星中心由近及遠(yuǎn)的次序?yàn)椋耗拘l(wèi)十六、木衛(wèi)十四、木衛(wèi)五、木衛(wèi)十五、木衛(wèi)一、木衛(wèi)二、木衛(wèi)三、木衛(wèi)四、木衛(wèi)十三、木衛(wèi)六、木衛(wèi)十、木衛(wèi)七、木衛(wèi)十二、木衛(wèi)十一、木衛(wèi)八和木衛(wèi)九。[46] 水星是最接近太陽的行星。水星的半徑約為2440公里，在八大行星中是最小的。水星晝夜溫差極大，白天攝氏 430 度，晚上約可達(dá)零下170 度，是太陽系八大行星中溫差最大的一個(gè)行星。[47] 水星的外大氣層非常稀薄，是由水星表面和太陽風(fēng)中的原子和離子構(gòu)成。[48] 科學(xué)家確認(rèn)水星表面含有豐富的碳，認(rèn)為碳是水星表面呈黑色的原因，水星表面的巖石是由低重量百分比的石墨碳構(gòu)成。[49] “好奇號(hào)”火星探測器在火星表面采集樣本 “好奇號(hào)”火星探測器在火星表面采集樣本 [50] 火星是地球的近鄰，是太陽系由內(nèi)往外數(shù)第四顆行星。直徑6794km，體積為地球的15%，質(zhì)量為地球的11%�；鹦潜砻媸且粋�(gè)荒涼的世界，空氣中二氧化碳占了95%。火星大氣十分稀薄，密度還不到地球大氣的1%，因而根本無法保存熱量。這導(dǎo)致火星表面溫度極低，很少超過0℃，在夜晚，最低溫度則可達(dá)到-123℃�；鹦潜环Q為紅色的行星，這是因?yàn)樗�表面布滿了氧化物，因而呈現(xiàn)出鐵銹紅色。其表面的大部分地區(qū)都是含有大量的紅色氧化物的大沙漠，還有赭色的礫石地和凝固的熔巖流。火星上常常有猛烈的大風(fēng)，大風(fēng)揚(yáng)起沙塵能形成可以覆蓋火星全球的特大型沙塵暴。每次沙塵暴可持續(xù)數(shù)個(gè)星期。火星兩極的冰冠和火星大氣中含有水份。從火星表面獲得的探測數(shù)據(jù)證明，在遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)期八顆行星，直徑49532千米。海王星繞太陽運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的軌道半徑為45億千米，公轉(zhuǎn)一周需要165年。海王星的直徑和天王星類似，質(zhì)量比天王星略大一些。海王星和天王星的主要大氣成分都是氫和氦，內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)也極為相近，所以說海王星與天王星是一對孿生兄弟。[55] 海王星有太陽系最強(qiáng)烈的風(fēng)，測量到的時(shí)速高達(dá)2100公里。海王星云頂?shù)臏囟仁牵?18 °C，是太陽系最冷的地區(qū)之一。海王星核心的溫度約為7000 °C，可以和太陽的表面比較。海王星在1846年9月23日被發(fā)現(xiàn)，是唯一利用數(shù)學(xué)預(yù)測而非有計(jì)劃的觀測發(fā)現(xiàn)的行星。[56] 冥王星，位于海王星以外的柯伊伯帶內(nèi)側(cè)，是柯伊伯帶中已知的最大天體。[57] 直徑約為2370±20km，是地球直徑的18.5%。[58] 2006年8月24日，國際天文學(xué)聯(lián)合會(huì)大會(huì)24日投票決定，不再將傳統(tǒng)九大行星之一的冥王星視為行星，而將其列入“矮行星”。大會(huì)通過的決議規(guī)定，“行星”指的是圍繞太陽運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、自身引力足以克服其剛體力而使天體呈圓球狀、能夠清除其軌道附近其他物體的天體。在太陽系傳統(tǒng)的“九大行星”中，只有水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星和海王星符合這些要求。冥王星由于其軌道與海王星的軌道相交，不符合新的行星定義，因此被自動(dòng)降級(jí)為“矮行星”。[59] 冥王星的表面溫度大概在-238到-228℃之間。冥王星的成份由70%巖石和30%冰水混合而成的。地表上光亮的部分可能覆蓋著一些固體氮以及少量 衛(wèi)星拍月球經(jīng)過地球，可見清晰月球背面 衛(wèi)星拍月球經(jīng)過地球，可見清晰月球背面 [60] 的固體甲烷和一氧化碳，冥王星表面的黑暗部分可能是一些基本的有機(jī)物質(zhì)或是由宇宙射線引發(fā)的光化學(xué)反應(yīng)。冥王星的大氣層主要由氮和少量的一氧化碳及甲烷組成。大氣極其稀薄，地面壓強(qiáng)只有少量微帕。[61] 地球是離太陽第三顆行星，是我們?nèi)祟惖募亦l(xiāng)，盡管地球是太陽系中一顆普通的行星，但它在許多方面都是獨(dú)一無二的。比如，它是太陽系中唯一一顆面積大部分被水覆蓋的行星，也是目前所知唯一一顆有生命存在的星球。質(zhì)量M=5.9742 ×10^24 公斤，表面溫度：t = - 30 ～ +45。[62] 英國科研人員在《天體生物學(xué)》雜志上報(bào)告說，如果沒有小行星撞擊等可能劇烈改變環(huán)境的事件發(fā)生，地球適宜人類居住的時(shí)間還剩約17.5億年，不過人為造成的氣候變化可能縮短這一時(shí)間。[63] 彗星是由灰塵和冰塊組成的太陽系中的一類小天體，繞日運(yùn)動(dòng)。[64] 科學(xué)家使用探測器對彗星的化學(xué)遺留物進(jìn)行分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)其主要成份為氨、甲烷、硫化氫、氰化氫和甲醛�？茖W(xué)家得出結(jié)論稱，彗星的氣味聞起來像是臭雞蛋、馬尿、酒精和苦杏仁的氣味綜合。[65-66] “67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希門克”彗星 “67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希門克”彗星 [67] 在太陽系的周圍還包裹著一個(gè)龐大的“奧爾特云”。星云內(nèi)分布著不計(jì)其數(shù)的冰塊、雪團(tuán)和碎石。其中的某些會(huì)受太陽引力影響飛入內(nèi)太陽系，這學(xué)說，在原有的軌道（或稱小天體軌道）上又增加了更多的天體運(yùn)行軌道。這一模式稱每顆行星都沿著一個(gè)小軌道作圓周運(yùn)行，而小軌道又沿著該行星的大軌道繞地球作圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)。幾百年之后，這一模式的漏洞越來越明顯�？茖W(xué)家們又在這個(gè)模式上增加了許多軌道，行星就這樣沿著一道又一道的軌道作圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)。哥白尼想用“現(xiàn)代”（16世紀(jì)的）技術(shù)來改進(jìn)托勒密的測量結(jié)果，以期取消一些小軌道。在長達(dá)近20年的時(shí)間里，哥白尼不辭辛勞日夜測量行星的位置，但其測量獲得的結(jié)果仍然與托勒密的天體運(yùn)行模式?jīng)]有多少差別。哥白尼想知道在另一個(gè)運(yùn)行著的行星上觀察這些行星的運(yùn)行情況會(huì)是什么樣的�；�于這種設(shè)想，哥白尼萌發(fā)了一個(gè)念頭：假如地球在運(yùn)行中，那么這些行星的運(yùn)行看上去會(huì)是什么情況呢？這一設(shè)想在他腦海里變得清晰起來了。一年里，哥白尼在不同的時(shí)間、不同的距離從地球上觀察行星，每一個(gè)行星的情況都不相同，這是他意識(shí)到地球不可能位于星星漓道的中心。經(jīng)過20年的觀測，哥白尼發(fā)現(xiàn)唯獨(dú)太陽的周年變化不明顯。這意味著地球和太陽的距離始終沒有改變。如果地球不是宇宙的中心，那么宇宙的中心就是太陽。的發(fā)現(xiàn)才使牛頓有能力確定運(yùn)動(dòng)定律和萬有引力定律。哥白尼的日心宇宙體系既然是時(shí)代的產(chǎn)物，它就不能不受到時(shí)代的限制。反對神學(xué)的不徹底性，同時(shí)表現(xiàn)在哥白尼的某些觀點(diǎn)上，他的體系是存在缺陷的。哥白尼所指的宇宙是局限在一個(gè)小的范圍內(nèi)的，具體來說，他的宇宙結(jié)構(gòu)就是今天我們所熟知的太陽系，即以太陽為中心的天體系統(tǒng)。宇宙既然有它的中心，就必須有它的邊界，哥白尼雖然否定了托勒玫的“九重天”，但他卻保留了一層恒星天，盡管他回避了宇宙是否有限這個(gè)問題，但實(shí)際上他是相信恒星天球是宇宙的“外殼”，他仍然相信天體只能按照所謂完美的圓形軌道運(yùn)動(dòng)，所以哥白尼的宇宙體系，仍然包含著不動(dòng)的中心天體。但是作為近代自然科學(xué)的奠基人，哥白尼的歷史功績是偉大的。確認(rèn)地球不是宇宙的中心，而是行星之一，從而掀起了一場天文學(xué)上根本性的革.命，是人類探求客觀真理道路上的里程碑。哥白尼的偉大成就，不僅鋪平了通向近代天文學(xué)的道路，而且開創(chuàng)了整個(gè)自然界科學(xué)向前邁進(jìn)的新時(shí)代。從哥白尼時(shí)代起，脫離教會(huì)束縛的自然科學(xué)和哲學(xué)開始獲得飛躍的發(fā)展。哥白尼的科學(xué)成就，是他所處時(shí)代的產(chǎn)物，又轉(zhuǎn)過來推動(dòng)了時(shí)代的發(fā)展。順應(yīng)時(shí)代變化 十五、六世紀(jì)的歐洲，正是從封建社會(huì)向資本主義社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，在這一二百年間，社會(huì)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。14世紀(jì)以前的歐洲，到處是四分五裂的小城邦。后來，隨著城市工商業(yè)的興起，特別是采礦和冶金業(yè)的發(fā)展，涌現(xiàn)了許多新興的大城市，小城邦有了聯(lián)合起來組成國家的趨勢。到 15世紀(jì)末葉，在許多國家里都出現(xiàn)了基本上是中央集權(quán)的君主政體。當(dāng)時(shí)的波蘭不僅有像克拉科夫、波茲南這樣的大城市，也有許多手工業(yè)興盛的城

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